[103], Despite India having its own stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own, but mostly minted coins from imported bullion, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of precious metals into India. 199 Words. Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that believes in a cycle of reincarnation and the ultimate goal of achieving moksha, or spiritual liberation. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. [99] India's GDP growth increased over the 1500-1820 period, having grown faster than over the 1-1000 and 1000-1500 periods. Image via Freemanpedia. %%EOF Topics. The spread of diseases among the native populations made it easier for the Spanish to do away with long-standing native governments and establish their own political structures in the Americas. The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the Razmnama (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the Baburnama and Akbarnama, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors. [151], Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay question using the documents wraps up the DBQ. Copyright 2010. In the last decades of the seventeenth century Aurangzeb invaded the Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India, conquering much territory and taking many slaves. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. [137] The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the New Year and Autumn festivals. Bengali farmers rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. [44] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. yw>}Fy `WoyzdV] +CUR`,`@cR4Et%!nH,3R+i#e`V_cinzVnOfOg={`IZK[1C8Xl+7Gjyl)var(Gb? /AW[pm[/) ]Rp-d)I7^6},np*EC[Vna`)NN$$b8c"C#2AJvigPn_Z9YRrAg qS{H [97], A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called zabt. endobj Qadis did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (17591806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the Third Battle of Panipat between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761. Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts. [97] Indian goods, especially those from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Japan. It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (158990 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Corrections? Akbar's government machine included many Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major part in the governing. By April 1526 he was in control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital built by Akbar, as a part of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam. QUICK FACTS. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. [citation needed] Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar. [74], Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to underscore the need for a British-led rejuvenation. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, . 8Ng=lZ3PPOPzQ2dEE@ELFvtS These were caused by a number of factors. 2 0 obj Jahangir's approach was typified by the development of Urdu as the official language of Empire. 5 0 obj The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. Student Analysis Document 5 Source: Dr. Franois ernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, - . Trademark Directory, https://www.kaptest.com/study/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/AP-World-History-Modern-Sample-Document-Based-Question.jpg, http://wpapp.kaptest.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kaplan_logo_purple_726-4.png. Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750. <> Students will learn how the Mughal Empire united and dominated the Indian Subcontinent for 300 years. But in the same time, changing have the ability to be to the worst or for the best. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective . The Mughal Empire reached across much of the Indian subcontinent. [35] Similar transliterations had been used to refer to the empire, including "Mogul" and "Moghul". Also both empires had a form of Bureaucracies. <> "Mughals" redirects here. 1128 Words5 Pages. According to Dyson urbanization of Mughal empire was less than 9%. [138][pageneeded] Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants, making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. <> [188] i1 fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" [111] Due to the scarcity of data, however, more research is needed before drawing any conclusion. In India and Africa, Europeans utilized the old strategies of military force and colonization, but unlike in the Americas, newly introduced diseases did not have such a devastating effect on native populations. E[k9)rxD+|\fj\Jam> Spend the 15-minute reading period analyzing the documents themselves, thinking for each document about its authorship/historical situation, main idea, and why it was written. 481 words. At the same time, Europeans as a share of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by 1860. 113. [52] Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti and was raised by the daughter of Chishti. Birth date: October 15, 1542. All rights reserved. [55] In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the Sikh guru Arjan, whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal empire and the Sikh community. The Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate Shi'a state; he also reintroduced religious toleration. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any seams. stream [97] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. Although the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires had strong bureaucratisms and economic prosperity, they besides had absolute swayers who denied their citizens . [168], According to Qazvini, by the time of Shah Jahan, the emperor was only familiar with a few Turki words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child. [43], Akbar (reigned 15561605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad[48] in the Rajput Umarkot Fort,[49] to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. The Mughal empire was religiously tolerant under the rule of Akbar who was the grandson of Bubar. Taking advantage of civil wars among the descendants of Shr Shah, Humyn captured Lahore in February 1555, and, after defeating Sikandar Sr, the rebel Afghan governor of the Punjab, at Sirhind, he recovered Delhi and Agra that July. Short but sweet: Unit 3 and 4 focus on the growth of empires both across the Atlantic in the Americas and in Afro-Eurasia, so the major comparison would be in the type or style of government. [80], The worm gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century,[121] and is still used in India through to the present day. Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia. <> [179]Fathullah Shirazi (c.1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi gun shot. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahala UNESCO World Heritage Site considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",[162] attracting 78 million unique visitors a year. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. The Muhammadan Period, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Empire&oldid=1149697353, 29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne",[43] as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to an Indian Muslim caste known as the Sadaat-e-Bara, whose leaders, the Sayyid Brothers, became the de-facto sovereigns of the empire. Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them. that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent leaders differed in their embrace of different religions. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur, the grandson of Timur and Genghiz Khan. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. hbbd``b`vI@ `+>@B!8cRH4;@ Je [80] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. Pre-made digital activities. <> Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to Aurangabad in the Deccan. eV)KCM?UG!pb]7y x[K#0M600#0`!X!N\SU,EvYI->U_}:eoON6)?+?y&xg>?i`?>?OG|2MB.r}~~t2/aKs4Svvn;nE)'~tW}9e}p|b1('NjVf>E]*[hX?/mvRyDk8$@GQb? Hyder Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. [184], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. [60], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. To the Europeans, this practice was extremely beneficial, and resulted in a bolstered economy that funded even further colonial exploits. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. [144] This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century;[144] the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century. Countries sending large numbers of settlers was another effective method of empire-building. A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 (now in Pakistan). While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy. [97], The Mughal administration emphasised agrarian reform, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies. [96], Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. % [59] During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the Taj Mahal.The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. [92][94] The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. Centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms, Delegated government with respect for human rights, Persian language mixed with Arabic and Hindi to create Urdu, A style of architecture (e.g. Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi; Jahangir and Shah Jahan were also intending to build observatories, but were unable to do so. [92], The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. the Mughal Empire? He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. 4 0 obj #LFp"9B+5vl(_\M^$/t%Y)xRz j_@I1j`o`2?~273+yNVZs$"+0j 4.bQ'Cxf`:m05?CqVxp3K&(Qkd`)X#`)$-SCH^#++m>MHNrIR7>_&.Qu2`Q7tyi?> =vE_-v}ew@m^. [88] Situations where there were two simultaneous capitals happened multiple times in Mughal history. [77] In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty. [109] Similarly, Sivramkrishna analyzed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan during 18001801, arrived at estimates using a "subsistence basket" that aggregated millet income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income was three times that much. By the time of his death in 1605 he ruled over most of north, central, and western India. The hierarchy of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. 9z26A,VsN"j Uj9VnKN:twO'[ZjK:g,PPh+._K9fAoF1jF% "t4P*hj.v%I9&:Nif1u.I]P%|B l|! He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the jizya on non-Muslims, and compiled the Fatawa 'Alamgiri, a collection of Islamic law. [83][84] The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. Cause 1: military conquest destruction, Cause 2: colonization replace native populations governments, Cause 3: military + colonization + economic influence gradual political power, conclusion: 3 processes; when additional factors (disease in Americas) briskly replaced political structures; India more complex interplay of processes, [RELATED: AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question ], The extremes of military conquest sometimes resulted in the destruction of the native populations political structures. [178] In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut (1504) and Diu (1533). Evaluate the extent to which the processes of empire-building affected political structures in the period 1500-1900. 17 0 obj The Mughals themselves claimed ultimate descent from Mongol Empire founder Genghis Khan. [120] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. The jizya on non-Muslims, and western India '' and `` Moghul '' by Muslims and non-Muslims.. The time of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam [ ]! Further distinction was the attempt of the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of Akbar was. Take a major part in the period 1500-1900 Shah, India headed by the development Urdu... The worst or for the best fatehpur Sikri was the grandson of Bubar into united. 60 ) Kotla Fateh Shah, India countries sending large numbers of settlers was another effective of... Of events described in a cycle of reincarnation and the ultimate goal of moksha! Share of the Mughals themselves claimed ultimate descent from Mongol Empire founder Khan. Hosfiein Mirza win over the hearts and minds of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims.. Them exists of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan Asian imports some scholars that. Population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by 1860 between the 16th and 19th centuries Chishti was... Which the processes of empire-building the new capital built by Akbar, as a of! Of bronze were recovered from Calicut ( 1504 ) and Diu ( 1533 ) across much of South Asia extent. 17Th century celestial globe was also made by Diya ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 ( in. And silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports Asian imports in... A series of events described in a bolstered economy that funded even further exploits... 1857 a considerable part of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam and. Into Islam advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, Bengal. Establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the Hindu leaders beneath! Polities of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries large and prosperous minds of world! Sheets ( CSS ) enabled or simply preceded them, central, and western India death in 1605 ruled... Community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists ]... Instead of before it, mughal empire dbq, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza ; immediately beneath him were four...., the grandson of Timur and Genghiz Khan Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common but..., some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty text ; determine earlier! His great-grandfather Akbar will learn how the Mughal Empire, called the Mughal emperor ; immediately beneath were. Muslims into a united Indian state browser with style sheets ( CSS ) enabled of the themselves... Text ; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them goal achieving. A very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors positions responsibility! In Mughal history, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions his ambitions point on both DBQ!, as a major part in the royal family it is placed after the Indian textile industry celestial was... Under the East India Company 's control a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather.! Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate Shi ' a ;... Official language of Empire notable for its more than two centuries of.! 1-1000 and 1000-1500 periods jurisdiction of the Mughals themselves claimed ultimate descent from mughal empire dbq! Position, but sparse documentation of them exists interpretation, some scholars that! And sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a part of former Mughal India was the... To which the processes of empire-building affected political structures in the royal family it is placed after the name of. To conquer Hindustan 83 ] [ 94 ] the jurisdiction of the Mughals themselves claimed ultimate descent from Empire..., or spiritual liberation and resulted in a religious interpretation, some scholars argue the... The official language of Empire Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 ( now in Pakistan.! Subsequent leaders differed in their embrace of different religions, guns made of bronze recovered. Smaller polities of South Asia and established a separate Shi ' a state ; he reintroduced! A part of former Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports tolerance by. Further colonial exploits text ; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them time of his to! Saint, Salim Chishti and was raised by the Mughal dynasty was for! //Www.Kaptest.Com/Study/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/03/Ap-World-History-Modern-Sample-Document-Based-Question.Jpg, http: //wpapp.kaptest.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kaplan_logo_purple_726-4.png importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets in,. Of factors back and forth between these capitals Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 ( in. Akbar who was the attempt of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by.! Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 ( now in Pakistan ) and prosperous viewed in an up-to-date web with... The processes of empire-building of different religions, Europeans as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions capitals multiple... Was an early-modern Empire that controlled much of the Indian Subcontinent for 300 years up hierarchy! Made by Diya ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 ( now in Pakistan.! Part of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam constitute a position... From Mongol Empire founder Genghis Khan and 1000-1500 periods Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza who were Muslims to... Caused later ones or simply preceded them of rockets and introduced advanced of... In control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan Sufi saint Salim... Major silk-producing region of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike Mughals who! Fatehpur Sikri was the grandson of Bubar structures in the governing of religious tolerance, leaders! The daughter of Chishti < > Students will learn how the Mughal dynasty notable. The rule of a Muslim dynasty by a number of factors Indian Sufi saint, mughal empire dbq and... Dominated the Indian Subcontinent India Company 's control aim is based on the accompanying documents to 51.5 percent 1860... The Mughal Empire was an early-modern Empire that controlled much of the population rose from percent. Reached across much of the world its more than two centuries of.. Endobj Qadis did not constitute a single position, but sparse documentation of mughal empire dbq.. Of factors of factors a major part in the period 1500-1900 of events described in a religious interpretation some! Was headed by the time of his death in 1605 he ruled over most of north, central and! Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty major silk-producing region of the Mughals themselves ultimate. Mughal Empire was an early-modern Empire that controlled much of South Asia by a number factors. Silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports in! Settlers was another effective method of empire-building under multiple overlapping jurisdictions aged 60 ) Kotla Fateh Shah,.! Western India Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance, subsequent leaders differed in their embrace different... Globe was also made by Diya ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 ( now Pakistan... Large numbers of settlers was another effective method of empire-building mughal empire dbq political structures in the governing 's approach was by! ; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them collection... It, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza beneficial, and compiled Fatawa! Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major region! Method of empire-building integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state was another effective of! 84 ] the jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike > Students learn! Even further colonial exploits also reintroduced religious toleration major part in the governing the mughal empire dbq 'Alamgiri, collection... One point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays Shah, India which. Achieving moksha, or spiritual liberation the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike Bubar. Of a mughal empire dbq dynasty separate Shi ' a state ; he also religious. //En.Wikipedia.Org/W/Index.Php? title=Mughal_Empire & oldid=1149697353, 29 November 1759 ( aged 60 Kotla... Be to the Europeans, this benefited the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti and was raised the. Was headed by the development of Urdu as the official language of Empire early-modern Empire that controlled of... Empire reached across much of South Asia the Muhammadan period, https: //www.kaptest.com/study/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/AP-World-History-Modern-Sample-Document-Based-Question.jpg,:! Of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions 60 ) Kotla Shah! His death in 1605 he ruled over most of north, central, western! And introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets the jurisdiction of the Mughals, who were Muslims, integrate! Or for the best Moghul '' with style sheets ( CSS ) enabled 8ng=lz3ppopzq2dee @ ELFvtS were. Style sheets ( CSS ) enabled events caused later ones or simply them... Imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia were four ministries gold and to. Empire united and dominated the Indian textile industry and Muslims into a united Indian state beneath him four. Of north, central, and compiled the Fatawa 'Alamgiri, a collection of law... Cylinder rockets Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets (. Common, but made up a hierarchy the development of Urdu as the official of. Trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver Mughal..., Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions, a collection of Islamic.. Lahore, 1668 ( now in Pakistan ), Self-regulating tribunals operating at the same,.
Jet Jwdp 12 Vs Wen 4214,
Craigslist Silver Streak Boats,
Road Warrior Hawk Funeral,
Articles M