He asserted this claim with a series of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the late 15th century. [20]:376, Despite some probing attacks, the Ottoman fleet under Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain across the entrance. By the mid-15th century, constant struggles for dominance with its Balkan neighbours and Roman Catholic rivals had diminished Byzantine imperial holdings to Constantinople and the land immediately west of it. A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. This time, however, we are being attacked in Europe, in our own land, in our own house. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. This includes a four-slide PowerPoint on Justinian I and a DBQ on Justinian's . Now, at this happy and joyful moment of time, we have the riches of the Greeks, we have won their empire, and their religion is completely extinguished. In the 15th century, Constantinoples walls were widely recognized as the most formidable in all of Europe. For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by themthose at least of you who are of maturer yearsand the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. Pihak terlibat. The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople, but they were costly failures. This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capitol city of the Eastern Roman Empire, a new country was later developed known as Turkey. Ascertain to what factors contemporaneous observers attributed the rise and fall of the Muslim empires; determine which factors would have made the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals most successful and which ones would eventually weaken . This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus[20]:373 and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north. [1] Herrin, Judith. Constantinople itself became an Ottoman vassal during this period. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . Constantinople The' 'DBQ QUIZ 2 FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FLASHCARDS OCTOBER 30TH, 2020 - THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY HAD SOME INFLUENCE ON THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THIS WAS THE . He graduated from the University of Chicago in 2021. According to Sphrantzes, whom Constantine had ordered to make a census, the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983. Document 2 At the same time Procopius saw Justinian as a liar and a hypocrite. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. View Constantinople DBQ.docx from HIST 1110/07 at Kennesaw State University. Given abundant funds and materials, the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne. Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade, while the German Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans. Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. 61% average accuracy. 0. They are also said to have been executed. Most of the cannons at the siege were built by Turkish engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard.[51][52]. Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. According to Steven Runciman most of the elderly and the infirm/wounded and sick who were refugees inside the churches were killed, and the remainder were chained up and sold into slavery. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. The Secret History is his personal, and perhaps more honest, description. Communication was maintained by a road that had been destroyed over the marshy head of the Horn. Mehmed was determined to take the Golden Horn and pressure the Byzantines into submission. [62]:651652 Up until this point, the Ottomans had fired 5,000 shots from their cannons using 55,000 pounds of gunpowder. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [20]:374 The Ottomans deployed a number of cannons, anywhere from 12 to 62 cannons. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor, at the Charisian Gate (Myriandrion); later during the siege, he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine, leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers. The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty. Stefan Duan, Tsar of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria, both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire. The Senate decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453, but the fleet's departure was delayed until April, when it was already too late for ships to assist in battle. Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn and dragged his ships over the hill, directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April, bypassing the chain barrier. Page 2 of 10 Performance Tasks - Causation: Cities and the Rise and Fall of States Goal of task Target concept: . The land fortifications consisted of a 60ft (18m) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 4555 metres.[39]. Edit. In Egypt good tidings were proclaimed, and Cairo decorated to celebrate this greatest of conquests. The Sharif of Mecca wrote to Mehmed, calling the Sultan the one who has aided Islam and the Muslims, the Sultan of all kings and sultans,. The next major turning point was the Fall of Constantinople (or the Fall of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire (Islamic) invaded. A small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in the Golden Horn to defend the chain. Fall of Rome Continuation of the Roman Empire as the Eastern Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire Key to the Byzantine Empire's success = Constantinople What. Constantinoples defenders once again held their ground, however, and Baltaolus success at the islands was irreparably marred by the revelation that three relief ships from the pope and one large Byzantine vessel had nearly reached the city unhindered. In 'The History of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ', Edward Gibbon had a controversial theory. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. [91][92], The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization. In 330 A.D. a Roman emperor named Constantinople founded a city named Constantinople on the old Greek city of Byzantium. Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians, stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins, played a significant role. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. The Venetian Nicol Barbaro claimed in his diary that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate. IV. [23]:280, 29 May 1453, the day of the fall of Constantinople, fell on a Tuesday, and since then Tuesday has been considered an unlucky day by Greeks generally. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia", World History Encyclopedia 1453: The Fall of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=1148497328. The walls had recently been repaired (under John VIII) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived. He also began the construction of the Boazkesen (later called the Rumelihisar), a fortress at the narrowest point of the Bosporus, in order to restrict passage between the Black and Mediterranean seas. [24] The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century Theodosian Walls. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. Mehmed then ordered the severed head be skinned, stuffed with bran, and sent as a symbol of victory to the governors of Persia and Arabia, in order to remind them that "it was a Turk who did what for centuries they could not. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but. The Turkmen mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. [31]:81, Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. It lasted from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Ottoman conquest in 1453. The Fall of Constantinople is depicted in Season 1 of the Netflix series Rise of Empires: Ottoman. Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district's wall was the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards. A turning point in Western history, the Fall of Constantinople is seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. Until!about!1450,!Europe!was!mostly!cut!off!and!isolated!fromthe!SilkRoads.Withoutaccessto the!wealth,!trade!goods,!technologies,!and!ideas!that . Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. [65] The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple imperial regalia, led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans, perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets alongside his soldiers. [3][pageneeded][46][47][note 9], With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. The Public Defiance 3. The Ottoman galleys were too short to capture the tall European warships, and, with the help of the Golden Horn fleet, the warships safely sailed past the chain. The Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu's fleet. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. Robert of Clari was a knight from Picardy who took part in the Fourth Crusade, which ended with the capture of Constantinople in 1204. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. An Ottoman attack on a Venetian ship in the Bosporus prompted the Venetian Senate to send 800 troops and 15 galleys to the Byzantine capital, and many Venetians presently in Constantinople also chose to support the war effort, but the bulk of the Venetian forces were delayed for too long to be of any help. 1 - Internal Strife. Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing potentially valuable slaves but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. (14) $3.00. Myles Hudson was an Editorial Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica. Student Constantinople DBQ .docx. This allowed the sultan to send in another Janissary regiment and take the inner wall at the Gate of St. Romanus. Elementary, Intermediate Tests and High School Regents Examinations . The fleet was twice driven back, and Baltaolu retreated to Diplokionion until the night of the 17th, when he moved to capture the Princes Islands southeast of the city at the same time that Mehmeds land regiments assaulted the Mesoteichon section of the wall. The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the Anadolu Hisar fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather Bayezid I. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. [20]:373[33][34][35][36][37][38], Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn, Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour. The Empire reached its height at 117 AD and split into West and East in 285 AD. [71] According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes. He was carried to the rear, and his absence sowed confusion and lowered morale among the ranks. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Before his death, Notaras supposedly said that Him who was crucified for us, died and arose and urged his horrified sons to reject the advances of Mehmed and not fear the outcome. Thanks to its location on the Bosporus Strait, Constantinople became a major trading center. The Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 by the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world history. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were destroyed.[60]. Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo under the command of Zagan Pasha. According to David Nicolle, the ordinary people were treated better by their Ottoman conquerors than their ancestors had been by Crusaders back in 1204, stating that only about 4,000 Greeks died in the siege, while according to a Venetian Senate report, 50 Venetian noblemen and over 500 other Venetian civilians died during the siege. Some contemporaneous Western sources gave exaggerated figures ranging from 160,000 to 300,000. SS.912.W.2.2 Describe the impact of Constantine the Great's establishment of "New Rome" (Constantinople) and his recognition of Christianity as a legal religion. The unique . Although one of the fleet's main tasks was to prevent any foreign ships from entering the Golden Horn, on 20 April, a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to get in after some heavy fighting, an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan. Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Save. In contrast to the Byzantines, the Ottoman Turks had extended their control over virtually all of the Balkans and most of Anatolia, having conquered several Byzantine cities west of Constantinople in the latter half of the 14th century. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. 1.6k plays . [20]:304 The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remainder of the Byzantine Empire splintered into a number of successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. [74], According to Nicolas de Nicolay, slaves were displayed naked at the city's slave market, and young girls could be purchased. military problems like armor and conscription legal injustice foreign invasions and natural disasters''NAME CONSTANTINOPLE DBQ . This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker. Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were some 50,00080,000 Ottoman soldiers, including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries,[3][pageneeded] 70 cannons,[41]:139140[40][pageneeded][42][pageneeded] and an elite infantry corps, and thousands of Christian troops, notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that ura Brankovi was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan[1][2] just a few months before, Brankovi had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople. Rome's leader was overthrown, causing the Roman Empire to fall. . This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. Upon hearing of his navys defeat, Mehmed stripped Baltaolu of his rank and arranged for his replacement. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. In 1452 he reached peace treaties with Hungary and Venice. Mehmed himself knocked over and trampled on the altar of the Hagia Sophia. [30], The city had about 20km of walls (land walls: 5.5km; sea walls along the Golden Horn: 7km; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara: 7.5km), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. [40]:39 In addition, the defenders were relatively well-equipped with a fleet of 26 ships: 5 from Genoa, 5 from Venice, 3 from Venetian Crete, 1 from Ancona, 1 from Aragon, 1 from France, and about 10 from the empire itself. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic 1452/1453 mystery eruption which occurred around the time of the siege. The Summons to Alexis 2. [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. Yet very little is said . [105], Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro receive independence from the Ottoman Empire (previously had autonomous status). [note 3] Karaca Pasha, the beylerbeyi of Rumelia, sent men to prepare the roads from Adrianople to Constantinople so that bridges could cope with the massive cannons. [96]:446, Constantine XI had died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. On orders of Mehmed, they were impaled on stakes, in sight of the city's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. When most of Constantinople was secure, Mehmed himself rode through the streets of the city to the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia, the largest in all of Christendom, and converted it into the mosque Ayasofya. Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families, the Venetians retreated to their ships and a few of the Genoese escaped to Galata. coachallam. In preparation for the final assault, Mehmed had an artillery train of 70 large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne, in addition to the bombards cast on the spot. a year ago. [20]:374 His 27 feet (8.2m) long cannon was named "Basilica" and was able to hurl a 600lb (270kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6km). "It is for the Faith! the Ghazi said. He established Constantinople as the capital of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire and preserved Roman heritage for more than a thousand years. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. After the initial assault, the Ottoman army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums and the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mehmed II wanted to provide as a seat for his newly appointed patriarch to better control his Christian subjects. The Knights of St. John on Rhodes write of the city's fall and Turkish plans to the Margrave of Brandenburg in Jerusalem. [20]:377 On 28 May, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, mass religious processions were held in the city. This item is an extract from the detailed account of an Arab envoy to Constantinople in the late 10th century. He replied that it would be far better for me to die than hand over my own child to be despoiled by him. Mehmed was enraged after hearing this and ordered Loukas to be executed. Finally, the last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted. Issue 6. [31]:7778 However, this was the only cannon that Orban built for the Ottoman forces at Constantinople,[51][52] and it had several drawbacks: it took three hours to reload; cannonballs were in very short supply; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks. However, without outside support, Constantinoples defenders would be spread thin. Document 3 Justinian ruled with absolute power, as he . Quote Reply Topic: I need Primary Sources in English about the fall of.. . Fall of Rome Essay In 476 C.E. Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II, claiming that his weapon could blast "the walls of Babylon itself". [86]:283 On the third day of the conquest, Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation, although many had no homes to return to, and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed. [93][104], There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. A fictionalized account of the Fall of Constantinople features in the opening chapter of Death's End by Liu Cixin. A rout of the defenders ensued, with many of the Venetian and Genoese fighters retreating to their ships in the Golden Horn. The Emperor was not willing to leave the city without a fight: As to surrendering the city to you, it is not for me to decide or for anyone else of its citizens; for all of us have reached the mutual decision to die of our own free will, without any regard for our lives. [30] An accomplished soldier from Genoa, Giovanni Giustiniani, arrived in January 1453 with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios. Tanggal. On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. History. [15] Around the same time, the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor, barring contrary orders from Venice, and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions, which set sail near the end of March. Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. In April, having quickly seized Byzantine coastal settlements along the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, Ottoman regiments in Rumelia and Anatolia assembled outside the Byzantine capital. [66] Many of the riches of the city were already looted in 1204, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.[67]. Student Edition NAME DATE 1. . [47] According to David Nicolle, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is incorrect and the situation was not as one-sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest. Medieval period city of Byzantium Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of Byzantine... Their ships in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu fleet. 1 of the walls and an attack was feared here most trading center and decorated. Leo the Wise persisted Constantinople became a major trading center the main effect of the Netflix series of! Of his rank and arranged for his replacement on 21 May, Mehmed had a council. 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