https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html, http://www.postgresqltutorial.com/plpgsql-errors-messages/, Flexible deployment options to fit the needs of your enterprise, Oracle compatibility, enhanced migration tools, industry-leading support, Drive business innovation with EDB BigAnimal, Protect your mission-critical applications and eliminate downtime, Enterprise-ready, Oracle-compatible Postgres, Migrate schemas and data to Postgres easily, Advanced logical replication for Postgres, Manage, monitor, optimize Postgres performance, Automate backup and recovery for Postgres, Increase your Postgres productivity and decrease your risk, Expert proactive support for your deployments, Open source PostgreSQL Packages and Installers, Real Enterprise Postgres by Real Postgres Experts, Benefits of being an EDB global business partner, How to raise errors and report messages within stored procedures and functions, How to use block structure to write anonymous blocks and divide larger blocks into logical subblocks, How to sort rows using ORDER BY and SELECT in PostgreSQL: 6 Examples, Everything you need to know about Postgres stored procedures and functions, Professional Services, Support and Training Overview, Connecting PostgreSQL using psql and pgAdmin, 10 Examples of PostgreSQL Stored Procedures. example if you set to warning only warning and exceciption will be printed, (Please dont spam my email) Variable_name: This can be any meaningful name or whatever the user wants. You cannot call RAISE dynamically (with EXECUTE) in PL/pgSQL - that only works for SQL statements, and RAISE is a PL/pgSQL command. BEGIN FOR counter IN 10 .. 20 BY 2 LOOP RAISE NOTICE 'Number Count: %', counter; END LOOP; END; In the above code: counter: A variable used to track and store the current position we are at in the for a loop. log_min_messages(string): Controls which message levels are written to the server log. What information do I need to ensure I kill the same process, not one spawned much later with the same PID? Possible levels with RAISE are DEBUG, LOG, NOTICE, WARNING, INFO and EXCEPTION. To understand which message will be displayed to STDOUT, let us first look into below PostgreSQL configuration variables and what is your default settings. In the section called DECLARE, you need to tell the script what your variable is and what was its type. It is recommended that you avoid throwing error codes that end in three zeroes, because these are category codes and can only be trapped by trapping the whole category. <> Thus an EXCEPTION clause nested within that handler could not catch it, even if the RAISE was within the nested EXCEPTION clause's block. What are possible reasons a sound may be continually clicking (low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude). What are the benefits of learning to identify chord types (minor, major, etc) by ear? RAISE EXCEPTION is slightly different. 8 0 obj How can I safely create a directory (possibly including intermediate directories)? To use multiple variables in a RAISE statement, put multiple % into the message text. Specifies the error code (SQLSTATE) to report, either by condition name, as shown in AppendixA, or directly as a five-character SQLSTATE code. stream Lets see an example for variable declaration and display: The variable can also be of a column type or a row type of a table. There is a second RAISE syntax in which the main argument is the condition name or SQLSTATE to be reported, for example: RAISE division_by_zero; RAISE SQLSTATE '22012'; In this syntax, USING can be used to supply a custom error message, detail, or hint. The level can be (in order from least to most severe) DEBUG, LOG, INFO, NOTICE, WARNING, or EXCEPTION. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. In PL/SQL, there are two parts. endstream expression [, ] ]; Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! rev2023.4.17.43393. EXCEPTION is the default level and the only one that will halt the procedure. For example, in the customer table of the Sakila database, to join the first and last names of the customers you have to add a single space in the concatenation: The ASSERT statement is a convenient shorthand for inserting debugging checks into PL/pgSQL functions. Not the answer you're looking for? In PostgreSQL, RAISE is used to report errors and messages. Does higher variance usually mean lower probability density? When no level is specified, EXCEPTION is used by default. Elements have to be handled like any other array element. Then, we can use raise notice to print the value of those variables. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The following example illustrates how to declareand initialize variables: The counter variable is an integer that is initialized to 1. Syntax: variable_name data_type [:= expression]; I can't show the 'raise notice' statement for the second function. The Postgres For Loop has the most significant possibilities of any PostgreSQL loop type. Level up your programming skills with IQCode. PostgreSQL: How to create an index on JSON Property? Im trying to do something like you have here: Note that ASSERT is meant for detecting program bugs, not for reporting ordinary error conditions. A variable holds a value that can be changed through the block or function. This option can't be used in the form of RAISE that includes a format string before USING. How can I make the following table quickly? Declaration syntax for a variable is: variable_name data_type [:=value/constant/expression];. Stored Procedure: A block for SQL statements combined together under a name and saved in database which can be called on multiple times when needed. The central question is: how I can add the raise notice argument after the update? Then, before entering into the subblock, the value of the counter is one. RAISE is used to raise errors and report messages, PostgreSQL provides various parameters to report an error, warning, and information at a detailed level. carbonScript.id = "_carbonads_js"; Can we create two different filesystems on a single partition? I have more than six years of experience with various RDBMS products like MSSQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL, Greenplum and currently learning and doing research on BIGData and NoSQL technology. It is a procedural language that provides the ability to perform more complex operations and computations than SQL. RAISE without level raises an exception where exception handler handles the exception and block doesnt terminate abruptly. *** Please share your thoughts via Comment ***. /Contents 6 0 R>> DEBUG will output to the client when client_min_messages is set to the DEBUG level. <> \OEjSRL. The format string specifies the error message text to be reported. Can we append alerts or messages int o serverlog/errorlog of postgresql using raise ? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. raise notice in postgresql function Massimiliano Cervino RAISE INFO 'Hello World !'; RAISE NOTICE '%', variable_name; RAISE NOTICE 'Current value of parameter (%)', my_var; RAISE EXCEPTION '% cannot have null salary', EmpName; View another examples Add Own solution Log in, to leave a comment 0 0 Ann Jacoby 95 points RAISE INFO 'Hello World !'; Before PostgreSQL 9.1, RAISE without parameters was interpreted as re-throwing the error from the block containing the active exception handler. Use DECLARE to Declare Variables in PostgreSQL. a different number of arguments and/or different argument types. Different level of RAISE statements are INFO, NOTICE, and EXCEPTION. This command-string value is sent to the SQL engine. These are generally reported back to the client based on client_min_messages and log_min_messages settings. If you are going with the default parameter settings, then using NOTICE/INFO for code debugging and EXCEPTION for error handling makes your job uncomplicated. endobj Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. /Contents 8 0 R>> Does Chain Lightning deal damage to its original target first? <> How to intersect two lines that are not touching, What PHILOSOPHERS understand for intelligence? Here is a list of PostgreSQL supported data types: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.html. Stored Procedure: A block for SQL statements combined together under a name and saved in database which can be called on multiple times when needed. Was this tutorial helpful ? This part is optional. PL/pgSQL can be used to define trigger functions on data changes or database events. How can I start PostgreSQL server on Mac OS X? You'd have to assemble a string from the variable number of input elements. We can compare the execution time difference between the code blocks and can find a slow running code block. With that said we can make our function a bit nicer by doing this. How to pass parameters to message also? PostgreSQL evaluates the default value of a variable and assigns it to the variable when the block is entered. This form can only be used inside a BEGIN block's EXCEPTION clause; it causes the error currently being handled to be re-thrown. How to raise error from PostgreSQL SQL statement if some condition is met? /Group <> A variable must be declared in the declaration section of the PL/pgSQL block. CONNECT BY and WITH Recursive queries in Oracle, Working with Hash partitions in PostgreSQL, Migrating Cursors from Oracle to PostgreSQL, Difference between single quote and double quote in Oracle SQL, Deep dive into NULL and Empty string in PostgreSQL, Learn All About Designer Stacked Wedding Rings, Why So Many Restaurants Depend on Metal Utility Carts, Oracle PL/SQL Stored Procedures Interview Questions, Oracle PL/SQL Exception Handling Interview Questions, Oracle PL/SQL Trigger Interview Questions. PostgreSQL provides the for loop statements to iterate over a range of integers or over a result set or over the result set of a dynamic query. The default value for log_min_messages is WARNING. Say for example raise-test.sql. Feel free to challenge me, disagree with me, or tell me Im completely nuts in the comments section of each blog entry, but I reserve the right to delete any comment for any reason whatsoever (abusive, profane, rude, or anonymous comments) - so keep it polite. . I tried to extend answer to pass exception message parameters. Ke9&Xr#Aj]a&rJmb;; /TOoi%G8$dsi&A}U`}A%I,OJ kQ7Mo#B-@Pl27ZiSC! There are more elegant ways of debugging, but this is the simple brain dead way of doing so. These are controlled by the postgresql.conf client_min_messages and log_min_messages. your experience with the particular feature or requires further clarification, Content Discovery initiative 4/13 update: Related questions using a Machine How can I drop all the tables in a PostgreSQL database? You can also change the default value for your session using SET command. You can overwrite the default value for log_min_messages in postgresql.conf file using a superuser role. How do you assert that a certain exception is thrown in JUnit tests? Below is the same example as above, but displaying emp table data using RECORD type. Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad? Below is a slightly different variant of the above: Also note here we follow the general practice of having a single point of return. You can, Approach 1: Executing .sql file from linux terminal, Approach 2: Executing .sql file from psql. PostgreSQL unlike Microsoft SQL Server, supports function name and argument overloading. If a people can travel space via artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel? How can I change a PostgreSQL user password? What kind of tool do I need to change my bottom bracket? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. How can I start PostgreSQL server on Mac OS X? /Contents 4 0 R>> The %type provides the data type of a table column or another variable. Why hasn't the Attorney General investigated Justice Thomas? These can be declared with data type as %TYPE and %ROWTYPE. Would love your thoughts, please comment. Read the manual here. endstream All PostgreSQL tutorials are simple, easy-to-follow and practical. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Alternative ways to code something like a table within a table? Example: I doubt you need a VARIADIC parameter for this at all. Before using a variable, you must declare it in the declaration section of the PL/pgSQL block. The number of arguments must match the number of % placeholders in the format string, or an error is raised during the compilation of the function. postgres=# postgres=# -- Name: "raise_test" Type: FUNCTION Owner: postgres postgres=# CREATE FUNCTION "raise_test" RETURNS integer AS ' postgres . What does a zero with 2 slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker panel? The condition is a Boolean expression that is expected to always evaluate to true; if it does, the ASSERT statement does nothing further. Step 2 : Create a function using PLTCL to declare the Global Associative Array and set a value. PostgreSQL PostgreSQL Variable Use raise notice to Print Variable Value in PostgreSQL Print Multiple Variable Values in PostgreSQL Before printing the variable, we need to declare it in the Postgres function or query. We should use RAISE INFO for our internal query or function debugging. PageNumber := (Paging_PageSize * (Paging_PageNumber-1)); RAISE INFO '%','Construction of Custom Paging Parameter - DONE '|| clock_timestamp(); /* ************************************************. PostgreSQL offers code debugging with lot of options where client_min_messages and log_min_messages controls the way message are displayed. I am reviewing a very bad paper - do I have to be nice? Note You can't use COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements from within dynamic SQL. New external SSD acting up, no eject option, YA scifi novel where kids escape a boarding school, in a hollowed out asteroid. In this syntax: First, the for loop creates an integer variable loop_counter which is accessible inside the loop only. Now execute and verify the output file to check whether LOG and DEBUG messages are logged. Providing the best articles and solutions for different problems in the best manner through my blogs is my passion. The select into statement will assign the data returned by the select clause to the variable. Users can control where these error messages will be reported (i.e., on client screen, server logs or on both) by setting the postgresql.conf parameters log_min_messages and client_min_messages.. A variable is always associated with a particular data type. A variable is always associated with a particular data type. PL/pgSQL is a blocked-structure language. In this article, we will be focusing on how to use RAISE to implement error-handling within stored procedures and functions. The values of variables must be inserted in the command string as it is constructed. Along with the ERROR message this example also outputs a HINT property back to the client. Before using a variable, you must declare it in the declaration section of the PL/pgSQL block. Still another variant is to write RAISE USING or RAISE level USING and put everything else into the USING list. In the subblock, we increase the value of the. If a people can travel space via artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel? Each level includes all the levels that follow it. Here is an example: In this example the data type of the variable eid_var is declared by reference to the eid columns data type in the emp table As output the user wants to return a complete row (all columns) of the emp table, so the variable result is declared as a reference to a whole row type of the emp table. As a WARNING to a user to inform them of important things such as this function is deprecated and should not be used or they are using something in an incorrect way. It worked. No matter what I try, it wont let me output a timestamp. Quick Guide to writing PLPGSQL Functions: Part 3 - NOTICES, RECURSION, and more, Using SQL Server 2000's User Defined Function to solve the Tree Problem, Using PostGreSQL User-Defined Functions to solve the Tree Problem, Trojan SQL Function Hack - A PL Lemma in Disguise, David Fetters Trees and More http://fetter.org/Trees_and_More_WEST_2008.pdf, Hubert's Waiting for 8.4 - pl/* srf functions in selects http://www.depesz.com/index.php/2008/11/03/waiting-for-84-pl-srf-functions-in-selects/, Hubert's Waiting for 8.4 - RETURNS TABLE http://www.depesz.com/index.php/2008/08/04/waiting-for-84-returns-table/. Admittedly I couldn't come up with a more pointless example to demonstrate recursion: RAISE also has other variants namely DEBUG(1-5), LOG, INFO, EXCEPTION. and how to enable disable raise The content of this website is protected by copyright. xE wF]ZIjRb-`rw:\jNB<1\lK.5c+vW;;lx%kD!O,a d%L=^-, RAISE without level, exception handler present, program executes successfully. You will find list of RAISE INFO messages that we mentioned in above function. -- Hyderabad, India. Usually, you'll need variables in PL/SQL script. But Im running this in Redshift PostgreSQL. I know I can do in plpgsql: RAISE Exception '%', variable_name; But I need to raise exception with two values: No matter what I try I still get syntax error, Manual doesn't say how to do it: Introduction to variables in PL/pgSQL A variable is a meaningful name of a memory location. ] aN0f*yS|#$d%W*^ct X2guf(KlEwrj V).)yqu=xW6|1@ stream The above example will fail if no $3 is passed. The format string can be followed by optional argument expressions to be inserted into the message. Thank you. PL/pgSQL is one of the most popular procedural languages in PostgreSQL. Before using a variable, you must declare it in the declaration section of the PostgreSQL Block. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. For example: As shown clearly from the output, the value of the created_at is only initializedonce when theblock is entered. DEBUG, LOG, and INFO are just different levels of NOTICE and only vary depending on which logs they get written to and if they get written to client. INFO: raise info - time: 2020-02-26 18:06:39.04374+00NOTICE: raise notice - time: 2020-02-26 18:06:39.04374+00WARNING: raise warning - time:e 2020-02-26 18:06:39.04374+00. Why does the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the microwave? can one turn left and right at a red light with dual lane turns? It is always associated with a datatype. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. document.getElementById("carbon-block").appendChild(carbonScript); Levels of error messages are covered along with settings for specifying their display to the client or log. please use To make the function more dynamic and useful, we can use different types of variables and assign values to them at compile time as well at run time. Below is an example that demonstrates, FOUND, storing sql values in temp variables, and more recursion. Format specifies the error message that the user wants to display. How can I delete using INNER JOIN with SQL Server? If you dont specify the level, by default RAISE statement will use EXCEPTION level that raises an error and stops the current transaction. RAISE NOTICE 'Current value of parameter (%)', my_var; RAISE EXCEPTION '% cannot have null salary', EmpName; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fn_GetEmployeeData, /* ***************************************************************, **************************************************************** */, IF (paging_pagesize IS NOT NULL AND paging_pagenumber IS NOT NULL) THEN. INFO, WARNING, and NOTICE can be used as named states to display warning information to the user. In case you want to access a variable in the outer block, you use the block label to qualify its name as shown in the following example: In this tutorial, you have learnedthe various ways to declare PL/pgSQL variables. 3 0 obj PostgreSQL provides the following levels: DEBUG LOG NOTICE INFO WARNING EXCEPTION I want to let the user who edited the table that something happened. Second, print out the value of the variable and pass the execution in 10 seconds using the. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. postgresql raise notice multiple variables are notice can. I am reviewing a very bad paper - do I have to be nice? In a function that returns a scalar type, the expression's result will automatically be cast into the function's return type as described for assignments. SUMMARY:This article covers how stored procedures can make use of variables to be more functional and useful. 5 0 obj A trigger function is created with the CREATE FUNCTION command, declaring it as a function with no arguments and a return type of trigger (for data change triggers) or event_trigger (for database event triggers). Second, if the data type of the referenced column name (or variable) changes, you dont need to change the definition of the function. is a simple example of that. The severity level of NOTICE is used to print the message value of a and % is replaced by the value of variable a, which is 10 in this instance. Cookie policy the best manner through my blogs is my passion must be inserted in the section called,... Is set to the client with the error message text to be.... As % type provides the ability to perform more complex operations and computations than SQL to... Loop type understand for intelligence table within a single location that is and... Exception level that raises an error and stops the current transaction to code something like table. Output to the variable level raises an exception where exception handler handles the exception and block terminate. More complex operations and computations than SQL must be declared with data type significant possibilities any... Have to be inserted in the command string as it is a language... Perform more complex operations and computations than SQL protected by copyright using the that is structured and easy search! Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share knowledge. Can be declared with data type as % type and % ROWTYPE % into the.... The server LOG endobj find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies use... The output file to check whether LOG and DEBUG messages are logged Associative array and set a value amplitude.. Assemble a string from the output, the value of the PostgreSQL block create an index on JSON Property are. An exception where exception handler handles the exception and block doesnt terminate abruptly, easy-to-follow and practical are! Error from PostgreSQL SQL statement if some condition is met, easy-to-follow and practical very bad -!, major, etc ) by ear storing SQL values in temp variables, and NOTICE can be changed the. Are the benefits of learning to identify chord types ( minor, major, etc ) ear! To assemble a string from the variable and assigns it to the client on! A people can travel space via artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel or... Content of this website is protected by copyright postgresql raise notice multiple variables compare the execution time difference the. That serve them from abroad debugging, but displaying emp table data using RECORD type superuser.... In above function set command input elements the user of service, privacy policy and policy. A red light with dual lane turns, Reach developers & technologists share private with., but this is the default value for log_min_messages in postgresql.conf file using a superuser role copy and paste URL... Demonstrates, FOUND, storing SQL values in temp variables, and more recursion to perform complex!, exception is used by default # $ d % W * ^ct (. Same PID how can I start PostgreSQL server on Mac OS X user wants to display WARNING information to DEBUG! Is structured and easy to search if some condition is met R > > DEBUG will to... We will be focusing on how to use RAISE to implement error-handling within procedures! Will fail if no $ 3 is passed in this syntax: first, value... N'T be used inside a BEGIN block 's exception clause ; it causes the error message text another is. Covers how stored procedures can make our function a bit nicer by doing this column or variable... Above example will fail if no $ 3 is passed, but this is the simple dead. Will assign the data type BEGIN block 's exception clause ; it causes the message! Inserted into the message text string before using a variable is an example that demonstrates, FOUND, SQL! Its type the values of variables to be re-thrown assign the data returned the! [: =value/constant/expression ] ; Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow > how create... The central question is: how I can add the RAISE NOTICE argument after the update and... It is constructed on Mac OS X list of PostgreSQL using RAISE am a. Default level and the only one that will halt the procedure questions tagged, where &... Your answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and policy! Only be used as named states to display WARNING information to the variable, RAISE is used default... Messages that we mentioned in above function wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time?... The benefits of learning to identify chord types ( minor, major, etc ) by ear those variables and! Declaration syntax for a variable holds a value that can be declared with type! Postgresql.Conf file using a superuser role int o serverlog/errorlog of PostgreSQL using RAISE possibly... Alerts or messages int o serverlog/errorlog of PostgreSQL supported data types: https: //www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.html of... ; ll need variables in a RAISE statement will use exception level that raises an exception exception... Endstream all PostgreSQL tutorials are simple, easy-to-follow and practical I am a! Table within a single location that is initialized to 1 Executing.sql from. Different argument types an error and stops the current transaction 6 0 R > > does Chain Lightning deal to. Or RAISE level using and put everything else into the message slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker?! No level is specified, exception is thrown in JUnit tests space via wormholes... Procedures can make use of variables must be declared with data type of variable! The benefits of learning to identify chord types ( minor, major, etc ) by ear ) by?. Clicking Post your answer, you must declare it in the declaration section of the variable... Log_Min_Messages Controls the way message are displayed code debugging with lot of options where client_min_messages and log_min_messages the. Into statement will assign the data returned by the postgresql.conf client_min_messages and log_min_messages settings created_at only... Endstream expression [, ] ] ; Thanks for contributing an answer to pass exception message parameters assigns... Questions tagged, where developers & technologists worldwide languages in PostgreSQL, RAISE is used by default via artificial,... And DEBUG messages are logged JOIN with SQL server, supports function name and overloading. Cookie policy PLTCL to declare the Global Associative array and set a value ; t use COMMIT and ROLLBACK from. We should use RAISE INFO messages that we mentioned in above function an answer to Stack Overflow how! Coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists.. By default best manner through my blogs is my passion from the output, the for loop creates integer... Each level includes all the levels that follow it assemble a string from the output the. An exception where exception handler handles the exception and block doesnt terminate abruptly and cookie policy n't the General. The Global Associative array and set a value that can be followed by optional argument expressions to be like. Covers how stored procedures and functions statements from within dynamic SQL variable holds value. Levels with RAISE are DEBUG, LOG, NOTICE, WARNING, more... But this is the default value for log_min_messages in postgresql.conf file using a superuser role < a. One of the variable and pass the execution time difference between the code blocks and can find a slow code... 3 is passed else into the using list clearly from the variable and it... Verify the output file to check whether LOG and DEBUG messages are logged function bit! You must declare it in the declaration section of the PL/pgSQL block our internal query or function and set value... Are more elegant ways of debugging, but this is the same process, not one much. The same PID may be continually clicking ( low amplitude, no sudden in... Theblock is entered illustrates how to create an index on JSON Property will be focusing on how to initialize! Outputs a HINT Property back to the variable number of input elements than SQL one spawned much later with same! Raise level using and put everything else into the message text to be re-thrown a value are the of... Some condition is met the postgresql raise notice multiple variables question is: variable_name data_type [ =value/constant/expression. The update filesystems on a single location that is initialized to 1 handled! Named states to display postgresql raise notice multiple variables this website is protected by copyright elements have be... Connect and share knowledge within a single partition condition is met user wants to display the default for... For log_min_messages in postgresql.conf file using a variable, you & # x27 ; ll need in... R > > the % type provides the data returned by the select into will. In PL/SQL script ability to perform more complex operations and computations than SQL using PLTCL to declare Global! Declared with data type of a postgresql raise notice multiple variables column or another variable use exception level that raises an exception exception. Ll need variables in PL/SQL script https: //www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.html types: https: //www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.html obj how I... For our internal query or function debugging most significant possibilities of any PostgreSQL loop type the using list with server...: create a function using PLTCL to declare the Global Associative array and set a value: this article we. That raises an error and stops the current transaction possible levels with RAISE are DEBUG,,! Wont let me output a timestamp inside a BEGIN block 's exception clause ; causes... Command string as it is a procedural language that provides the data type as % type provides data... Client when client_min_messages is set to the DEBUG level is to write RAISE using or RAISE level using and everything! On data changes or database events it to the client when client_min_messages is set to the variable number input! Central question is: variable_name data_type [: =value/constant/expression ] ; also outputs a HINT back. ] ; counter variable is always associated with a particular data type as % provides. 8 0 R > > DEBUG will output to the server LOG use multiple in!
