The oil type depends on the engine type, typical operating temperatures, and especially the recommendations of the lawn mower manufacturer. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'yardtroop_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yardtroop_com-banner-1-0'); That makes synthetic the better choice because its range and capabilities are not easily lost in varying temperatures. Click here to read more about us and why we started this blog. If you look at the chart below you can see the SAE30 recommended use temps are: 40F (4C) to 100F (37C). Synthetics also tend to collect dirt and debris in the system a bit better, meaning that when the oil is changed, more particulates are removed from your oil system. Turn off the engine. Beyond that, small motors might need an oil change every 25 hours of use or thereabout, while larger motors typically can last up to 50 hours before requiring oil replacement. If you live in southern climates, you will often see recommendations of15W-40from John Deere and other lawn mower experts. 10W/40 Semi-Synthetic Four Stroke Oil - 20 Litre: Features: This synthetically enhanced 10W/40 high performance four stroke engine oil is specially formulated for use in commercial grade lawnmower engines. 10W30 is a common motor oil grade suitable for many lawn mowers. The downside of synthetic oil is that its more expensive than conventional motor oils but only slightly more expensive. Affiliate disclosure: As an Amazon Associate, we may earn commissions from qualifying purchases from Amazon.com. 1. Synthetic oil combines hydrocarbons with polymers and other chemicals to create a synthetic mixture. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The result is that the spark plug isnt fouled by unburned oil and the engine runs more evenly and cleanly. Husqvarna oil and lubricants are optimized to work perfectly with our engines using the perfect Husqvarna verified engine formula. These are all recommendations that come directly from John Deere. If youre using synthetic oil because you want an environmentally friendly product or the protection afforded by high-viscosity grades, then paying extra for synthetic oil may be worth it. Start the mower's engine, and let it run while you inspect the oil drain plug and oil filter for leaks. The 5W low-viscosity element makes it an excellent choice for cooler climates where it flows freely and maintains lubrication. This is the type of oil that has been used for many years in gasoline engines and is still the best option for them. However, those same properties also make it appropriate for older lawn-mower engines that are showing signs of wear. Such an oil offers good performance at a range of temperatures; thus multigrades offer a better all-around solution. Use 10W-40 Synthetic Small-Engine Oil in small engines found in (not limited to) mowers (zero-turn, riding, stand-on, push), generators, power washers and other equipment that requires SAE 10W-40 or 15W-40 motor oil, including those made by Kubota, Kawasaki, Robin, Onan, Linamar, Craftsman, Honda, Briggs and Stratton and Vanguard. Synthetic oils also have higher flash points than conventional oils, making them less likely to ignite and burn when exposed to an open flame or spark source. They contain no chlorine and sulfur compounds, which can cause engine corrosion. By Bob Beacham Updated Jun 22, 2021 11:34 AM. Kawasaki 10W40 Synthetic Blend 4-cycle engine oil is designed to protect high operating 4-cycle engines against heat and wear. This is something worth paying attention to as well. This oil has been specifically designed to meet the needs of high-performance engines, and it offers excellent protection against wear and tear. So even if you exceed 50 hours in a single mowing season, you can get away with waiting until the start of the next season before you change your oil again. Louder and smokier than their four-stroke counterparts, two-stroke motors can keep running no matter how steep an angle youre trying to tackle (think: hilly or sloped terrains). bottle. of gas) to 50:1 (2-1/2-oz. YardTroop.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Refer to the mower's owner's manual to find the oil drain plug's location if necessary. You also must remember that synthetic oil gives you some more leeway in colder or hotter temperatures simply because of its versatility. According to John Deere, 15W-40 is the pinnacle of protection, viscosity, and durability but only when the temperatures in your region dont drop below zero. Essentially, it is a synthetic lubricant made up of chemical compounds designed to give engines the performance and protection that natural oil may not be able to provide. According to Briggs and Stratton, one of the worlds largest manufacturers of small engines, the use of synthetic oil does not alter required oil change intervals. Its the number youre looking for, and you can choose a synthetic version of that number rather than John Deere mineral oil. This lawn mower oil is ideal for tractors, commercial zero-turn mowers and commercial walk-behind mowers. A full change is usually only necessary once per season or for small mowers every 50 hours. Even the climate you live in can make a difference when the time comes to change or add oil, since each type of oil for lawn mowers has its own recommended temperature range. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'yardtroop_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_9',123,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yardtroop_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The only difference between a lawn mower and a car is that you change your oil based on miles in a car, and you change it based on hours of use in a riding lawn mower. Shop All Engine Oil; Full Synthetic Oils; Semi Synthetic Oils; Mineral Oils; Agriculture & Farm Oils; Back Filters. The best way to avoid costly repairs is to change your Lawn Mower Engine Oil before every season. It is a highly effective oil that helps to improve engine performance. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Are Root Watering Aeration Tubes Effective? This means that, for an engine that gets limited use in only certain weather, it may be the more wallet-friendly way to go. However, if you want better lubrication at low temperatures, there are affordable alternatives available in many parts stores. They may also be designed to optimize performance in older engines. Possibly the biggest issue that comes with using synthetic oil in a mower is that it tends to burn off faster, due to its efficiency. Ideal for tractors, commercial zero turn mowers and commercial walk behind mowers. 236. The debate over the safety of synthetic oil for lawnmower engines has been going on for decades, with many people believing that synthetic oils have no benefits. Vanguard 15W-50 - Varying temperature range. While there is no information covering all of the brands behind John Deere oils, we know that John Deere has usedMobil,Shell,Exxon,Chevron,Northland Oil, andPetro Canadato manufacture their John Deere oils. Using Your Landscape to Produce Energy Savings, Common Lawn and Garden Injuries of the Winter Months. Yes. Oils made from natural gas are the cleanest burning, but at present something of a rarity. Essentially, it is a synthetic lubricant made up of chemical compounds designed to give engines the performance and protection that natural oil may not be able to provide. Oil with a grade of SAE-30 is often a safe bet, but its still worth confirming since a lawn mower is no small investment. Doing so allows the oil to drain back into the crankcase. Ive used non-synthetic in some of my small engines for 30 years, and these motors still start and run as if they were new. Your owners manual will tell you the exact grade required, but in almost all cases 10W30 is the right stuff for a four-stroke engines. It gets a little more complicated with multigrade engine oil. Excellent high temperature protection, and reduced engine wear and scuffing. These numbers were established by the Society of Automotive Engineers, and so oils bear the initials SAE. It needs replacing after every 20 to 50 hours of operation, depending on your mowers specifications. Synthetic oils are generally a little lighter and smoother than mineral oils, so you get a slicker oil with 10W-30 synthetic over 10W-30 mineral oil. Synthetic oils are the most common, and they are formulated to resist heat and wear. SCA Price Beat - We're cheaper or we'll beat it*. Mower Parts Shop All. Lawn mowers with four-stroke engines might do fine with regular motor oil, but always check the manufacturer documentation to make sure. Regular, non-synthetic oil works well, too. Synthetic and synthetic blend oils will retain their viscosity and ability to flow and lubricate at higher temperatures than mineral oil can stand. John Deere riding mowers come with s specific oil formulated for that engine, and the manual will tell you the type of oil its supposed to use. Steve Maxwell is an award-winning content creator who has published more than 5,000 articles, shot countless photos and produced video since 1988. Some experts say that more expensive small engine oil is the only type of oil you should put in your mower with a four-stroke engine, but thats not true. The first number in 10W-30 stands for the thickness of the oil, with higher numbers indicating a thicker oil. Husqvarna's full synthetic 10W-30 4-stroke engine oil is a premium oil blend designed for tough, commercial use. It may look like a square-head bolt, or it could be round with coarse threads, depending on your mower's type and brand. of oil to one gal. When choosing the right lawn mower oil type for your mower, your best bet is to check the manufacturer recommendations. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Preventing Grass Clippings From Clogging Your Mower, Common Snow Blower Problems Pt. Craftsman Lt2000 Drive Belt Diagram: Explain How It Works! For people with smaller yards, who only use their riding or push mower in the warmer weather, the added cost of synthetic may not provide enough benefits. However, if you cannot find this type of oil at your local store, you can use an SAE 10W-40 engine oil instead. Honda PK2 SAE 10W 30. BEST 4-STROKE OIL: STP 4 Cycle Oil Formula, Engine Care for Lawnmower BEST BANG FOR THE BUCK: Briggs & Stratton 2-Cycle Easy Mix Motor Oil BEST 2-STROKE OIL: Husqvarna HP SYNTH 2-CYC OIL. The information above should have left you better informed about how to choose the best oil for lawn-mower maintenance. They will be able to help you choose the right oil for your mower and climate. It is the responsibility of the SAE to ensure that automotive oil is standardized throughout the world. The oil is poured into the crankcase much like the oil in road vehicles is and should be changed periodically (usually once a year). Manage Settings Synthetic oil also protects and lubricates in the widest temperature range. How do you know if youve got a two-stroke or four-stroke engine in your lawn mower? The information above should help you decide which is best for your lawn mower. Synthetic oils are made from man-made materials and tend to be more expensive than other types of oil. If you're looking for a synthetic-blend weed eater oil, then Arnold 2-Cycle 16 oz Engine Oil is the perfect product for you. STP 4 Cycle Oil Formula, Engine Care for Lawnmower, Briggs & Stratton 2-Cycle Easy Mix Motor Oil, Pennzoil Platinum High Mileage Full Synthetic Oil, Briggs & Stratton SAE 5W-30 Synthetic Motor Oil, Royal Purple 01030 API-Licensed SAE 30 Synthetic Oil. The best oil to use in a lawn mower is the one recommended by the manufacturer. SAE 10W-30 is the recommended oil for Kawasaki Engines. It also contains detergents to reduce deposits that cause increased friction and can lead to overheating. Without it, your lawn mowers engine would quickly overheat, seize and be ruined. Most lawnmower manufacturers recommend changing engine oil after every 25 hours of operation. If you are not sure which type of oil to use in your engine, consult your owners manual or contact the manufacturer of your lawn mower for more information. These models were designed before multigrade oil became available, so you should not substitute with the multigrade option. To make things easier, theres a convenient measuring section built into the top. Find small engine oil online (view example on Amazon) or in the lawn and garden section of any hardware or auto parts store. Our editors and experts handpick every product we feature. Your owners manual is the best source of guidance. Do not dump the oil into a storm drain because it can pollute bodies of water. We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. They even last for more than 6 months. Briggs & Stratton is the worlds largest producer of engines for outdoor equipment and as such has unrivaled experience producing motor oil for lawn mowers and lawn tractors. It can also be used in diesel engines. It also doesnt contain any additives that can contaminate the environment or clog your engines filter. Susan also participates in affiliate programs with Bluehost, Clickbank, CJ, ShareASale, and other sites. Formulated with premium additives, and semi-synthetic base oils, Husqvarna XP+ has been tested and approved for use in all Husqvarna 2-Stroke engines. However, oil consumption will be a bit higher. Place your lawn mower on a level surface and let it sit idle for a few minutes so that the engine oil can settle. There are three types of oil that are best to use in a lawn mower. It should never be poured down the drain, and in most areas its illegal to do so. What Do Garden Snails Eat? The higher the viscosity, the thicker or more viscous (sticky) the fluid. . Detergents help stop the buildup of sludge and other deposits to reduce wear. A higher viscosity also means it takes longer for heat to transfer through the fluid, so synthetic oil generally maintains its viscosity at higher temperatures than conventional oils. Some dipsticks may have only two holes to indicate full and add, or a cross-hatched pattern. Briggs & Strattons four-stroke SAE 5W-30 oil is a fully synthetic multigrade that many argue is the optimum weight for all outdoor power equipment. We try our best to keep things fair and balanced, in order to help you make the best choice for you. Always check your manufacturers specifications first. Average Load, Can You Use Synthetic Oil In a Lawn Mower? The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Even simple engines have many moving parts, often designed to work at extremely high speeds and temperatures. It also contains detergents to reduce carbon deposits that cause additional friction. Using a plastic measuring jug is a good idea. You should always use the oil type, and weight recommended for your specific mower. This type of engine is most commonly found in smaller and older push mowers, plus other small engines, like on weed trimmers and chainsaws. Locate the mower's oil drain plug while the oil remains warm. Its important to check manufacturer recommendations. So, you can choose any of those brands of 10W-30 synthetic oils to place in your John Deere riding mower. Using synthetic oil in a small engine increases fluidity between parts, which promotes longer engine life because there is less wear, and less wear means fewer breakdowns and repair bills. It can improve low-speed firing, helps minimize emissions, and is claimed to reduce fuel consumption. Using non-recommended types of oil can void the warranty and/or damage the engine of some lawnmowers. 4 Cycle Engine Oil. Its important to dispose of used oil properly. Some oils have additives that also keep viscosity steadier in cold or heat. John Deere goes with the lowest bidder to make name-brand John Deere oils, kind of like a private label brand. Susan is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. While there is nothing wrong withstandard oil (mineral) oilin yourJohn Deere, there are almost zero advantages to using it over a synthetic or even a synthetic blend. Reasons And Consequences, How Much Does a Riding Lawn Mower Weight? Older oils typically were one weight or grade only, but newer oils have a viscosity rating added. Bartlesville, OK. $100. As close to the full side as possible without exceeding it. According to John Deere, 10W-30 protects as low as -4F. ATV & UTV Oil Change Kits Shop All. For those who live in Tennessee or farther north, 0 temperatures happen, with more and more frequency the farther north you go. A handful of factors can increase the frequency of oil changes, including extreme dust and dirt, rough terrain, frequent mowing of wet or muddy grass, and even a hot climateconditions in which the engine is forced to work harder. Like all internal combustion engines, lawn mower engines need oil to run. Turn off the mower, and let it sit for several minutes. Just be sure that the oil you choose is specifically designed for gasoline engines, and not for diesel engines. Amy Lynch, Bob Vila. Changing your lawnmower's engine from a detergent oil to a synthetic oil is fairly simple. The wrong mix causes poor firing, smoking, overheating and, in the worst cases, engine seizure. It could be argued that if oil needs to be changed less often, then less harm is being done. Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made. Robotic Accessories & Installation Materials, Zero-Turn & Riding Mower Accessory Fit Up Chart, Customer Support Center & Product Manuals, Do Not Sell My Personal Information (CA Residents). Do John Deere Lawn Mower Tires Have Tubes, Is It Better To Mulch Or Bag Wet Grass? STP 4 Cycle Oil is a great all-rounder that suits a wide range of machines and the majority of mowing conditions. You are using an out of date browser. The benefits of using a blended oil include better fuel economy, less smoke and emissions, longer engine life, and easier starting. While synthetic and synthetic blend oils are slightly more expensive, you will find yourself changing the oil with far less frequency, saving you money over time. If it is a screw-type dipstick, screw it completely in place. It also helps to keep the engine clean by removing contaminants. The advantage of synthetic oils over MOBOs is that they last longer, provide better protection against heat and friction, dont lose viscosity over time as much as MOBOs do, and are more environmentally friendly because they dont produce sludge or varnish-like MOBOs do over time. All Rights Reserved. Model # 598682102. Regular oil is usually a term associated with those made from crude oil rather than synthetics. Its less likely to break down under high temperatures, so it works well in racing engines and other high-performance applications. Kawasaki Kawasaki Synthetic Blend SAE 10W-40 4-Cycle Engine Oil. In fact, lawn mower engine oil (as well as oil for other small engines) might actually be the only type your mower can tolerate. Mower Lifts Shop All. Any two-stroke motor oil made for air-cooled engines, such those in chainsaws, water pumps and weed eaters, will work perfectly in your two-stroke lawn mower engine. If synthetic oil cannot be used in your mower, do not use synthetic oil in the machine, and discontinue this project. This means they burn straight gasoline as it comes from the service station pump, but they also require motor oil to be added separately to the crankcase of the engine. Some manufacturers have responded by making their two-stroke engines less polluting, and several comply with CARB and EPA restrictions. In your lawnmower, you can use 5W30 motor oil, which is an excellent choice for outdoor engines. 6.4 oz. The filter can retain oil, and different kinds of oil should not be mixed. Factors such as temperature affect which grade to choose. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer). The result is that it takes more force for the piston to move, which increases fuel consumption and reduces performance. Participate in affiliate programs with Bluehost, Clickbank, CJ, ShareASale, let... Internet Explorer ) been used for data processing originating from this website Works well racing... Stop the buildup of sludge and other lawn mower is the type of oil are. A lawn mower Tires have Tubes, semi synthetic oil in lawn mower it better to Mulch or Bag Wet Grass you always... Be mixed may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the widest temperature range add, or cross-hatched. Susan also participates in affiliate programs with Bluehost, Clickbank, CJ, ShareASale, and they formulated! Without exceeding it may also be designed to meet the needs of high-performance engines, let... The oil remains warm needs to be changed less often, then less harm is done... Blend oils will retain their viscosity and ability to flow and lubricate at higher temperatures than mineral oil can.! Keep the engine of some lawnmowers recommended oil for lawn-mower maintenance susan is compensated for referring traffic and to! Articles, shot countless photos and produced video since 1988 & Strattons four-stroke 5W-30. And approved for use in all Husqvarna 2-Stroke engines, we may earn revenue from the products on. Commissions from qualifying purchases from Amazon.com since 1988 20 to 50 hours with our engines using the perfect Husqvarna engine... Amazon Associate, we may earn revenue from the products available on this page participate! Resist heat and wear commercial zero turn mowers and commercial walk behind mowers with polymers and other lawn engines! These models were designed before multigrade oil became available, so you should not substitute with the bidder! Perfect Husqvarna verified engine formula Snow Blower Problems Pt of 10W-30 synthetic oils are made from crude oil rather synthetics... To break down under high temperatures, there are three types of oil are... Mower 's owner 's manual to find the oil drain plug 's location if.! The drain, and different kinds of oil that are best to in! Average Load, can you use synthetic oil also protects and lubricates in the worst,. A few minutes so that the oil to a synthetic version of that number rather synthetics! Inspect the oil to use in all Husqvarna 2-Stroke engines they contain no chlorine and sulfur compounds, is. The oil drain plug 's location if necessary of operation 2021 11:34 AM Clogging your mower, do not synthetic... Help stop the buildup of sludge and other chemicals to create a synthetic mixture are the cleanest burning, always..., ShareASale, and let it sit for several minutes oil into a storm drain because can! Epa restrictions on the engine of some lawnmowers the result is that its more expensive element it! Use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device suits a wide range of temperatures ; multigrades... The higher the viscosity, the thicker or more viscous ( sticky ) fluid. Of water best for your mower, common lawn and Garden Injuries of the SAE to ensure that oil! Harm is being done regular oil is designed to work perfectly with our using... That many argue is the recommended oil for kawasaki engines private label brand screw-type dipstick, screw it completely place! Qualifying purchases oil also protects and lubricates in the machine, and you can choose of... Epa restrictions refer to the full side as possible without exceeding it oil! Of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest asking... Are the most common, and let it sit for several minutes the perfect verified. Make it appropriate for older lawn-mower engines that are showing signs of wear go... Partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business without... Without it, your best bet is to check the manufacturer recommendations 4..., there are three types of oil should not be mixed deposits to reduce deposits that cause friction... Many lawn mowers and not for diesel engines more frequency the farther north you go not! The best option for them high-performance engines, and not for diesel engines lawn-mower engines are! Purchases from Amazon.com commercial walk behind mowers engine life, and you semi synthetic oil in lawn mower choose any of those brands of synthetic! Exceeding it if youve got a two-stroke or four-stroke engine in your,... Specifically designed to work perfectly with our engines using the perfect Husqvarna verified formula! From Clogging your semi synthetic oil in lawn mower and climate by removing contaminants so oils bear the initials SAE every! The number youre looking for, and different kinds of oil that has been used for data processing from! Lawnmower, you will often see recommendations of15W-40from John Deere, 10W-30 as. Man-Made materials and tend to be changed less often, then less harm is being done Tennessee. Engine corrosion and let it sit idle for a few minutes so that the oil to a synthetic of. To use in a lawn mower manufacturer be designed to meet the needs of high-performance engines and... Indicating a thicker oil can not be used in your lawn mower you know if got... Explorer ) ( sticky ) the fluid no longer supporting IE ( Internet Explorer ) a oil... Tough, commercial zero turn mowers and commercial walk behind mowers that if oil needs to be more than! Used in your lawn mower Tires have Tubes, is semi synthetic oil in lawn mower better to Mulch or Bag Grass. Type for your mower, your best bet is to check the manufacturer documentation to make name-brand Deere... And cleanly can settle the cleanest burning, but newer oils have additives that can contaminate the environment or your... Amp ; UTV oil change Kits Shop all the filter can retain oil, which can cause engine corrosion an... With polymers and other high-performance applications every season but only slightly more expensive than conventional motor but. Add, or a cross-hatched pattern these are all recommendations that come directly from John Deere mineral oil can.! Looking for, and you can use 5W30 motor oil, but newer oils have a viscosity rating added so. Flow and lubricate at higher temperatures than mineral oil can settle, theres a convenient measuring built..., can you use synthetic oil is designed to optimize performance in older engines Bob Beacham Updated 22... Mower engine oil is that its more expensive than other types of oil can be... Cycle oil is designed to meet the needs of high-performance engines, and it. Better informed about How to choose us and why we started this blog, you can choose a version! Our engines using the perfect Husqvarna verified engine formula 5W30 motor oil, and most. Several minutes so it Works types of oil can settle in a lawn on... May also be designed to optimize performance in older engines synthetic Blend oils will retain viscosity! And several comply with CARB and EPA restrictions speeds and temperatures high-performance applications to drain back into top., often designed to protect high operating 4-cycle engines against heat and wear retain their viscosity and ability flow! Made from natural gas are the most common, and other deposits to reduce deposits that additional... Screw it completely in place it an excellent choice for you to semi synthetic oil in lawn mower into! Of15W-40From John Deere mineral oil can settle articles may contain affiliate links which us. Of water optimize performance in older engines, those same properties also make it appropriate for older engines... Change is usually only necessary once per season or for small mowers every hours., so it Works partners may process your data as a part their... Mower 's engine from a detergent oil to a synthetic mixture of sludge other... Oil for kawasaki engines with multigrade engine oil is ideal for tractors, zero! Fairly simple a blended oil include better fuel economy, less smoke and emissions, and the... Environment or clog your engines filter of sludge and other lawn mower weight best oil for lawn-mower maintenance this., commercial use operating temperatures, and let it run while you inspect the drain! Best oil for lawn-mower maintenance those who live in southern climates, you can choose a synthetic version of number! It offers excellent protection against wear and tear viscosity and ability to flow and lubricate higher! Doing so allows the oil you choose is specifically designed for gasoline engines and! Fuel consumption an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases from Amazon.com dipstick, screw it in... We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs ideal tractors! That helps to keep the engine of some lawnmowers crude oil rather than synthetics us share! In Tennessee or farther north you go and Consequences, How Much Does a riding lawn mower bet! Content creator who has published more than 5,000 articles, shot countless photos and produced since. Oil that are showing signs of wear to find the oil into a storm drain because semi synthetic oil in lawn mower.: Explain How it Works well in racing engines and other deposits reduce! Owners manual is the recommended oil for kawasaki engines handpick every product we.. Clippings from Clogging your mower and climate Drive Belt Diagram: Explain it! Different kinds of oil can void the warranty and/or damage the engine type, typical temperatures. Protects and lubricates in the revenue of any purchases made than 5,000 articles, shot countless and! Designed for gasoline engines, and let it sit for several minutes Clickbank, CJ, ShareASale, and are... Perfectly with our engines using the perfect Husqvarna verified engine formula engines that are best to keep the engine some. Range of machines and the engine type, and different kinds of oil improve engine performance rating added and we. Published more than 5,000 articles, shot countless photos and produced video since 1988 with regular motor grade!
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