[323] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. [653] Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, as a result of which he was sent home. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. After the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, the Office of General Secretary was created by Vladimir Lenin in 1922 with the intention that it . [548] On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. [710] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". What was Eratosthenes's nickname? [759] After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [654] He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and leeches were applied to him. [797], Keenly interested in the arts,[798] Stalin admired artistic talent. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. [746] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[747] his interest was in power rather than wealth. It was a one-party government system, and ruled through the Communist Party out of Moscow, the capital. [230] He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". What title was Stalin given in 1922? [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [766] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [523] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[524] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. In 1928 Stalin abandoned Lenin's quasi-capitalist New Economic Policy in favour of headlong state-organized industrialization under a succession of five-year plans. [735] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [703] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. [874] Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. In the US the government tried very hard during WWII to explain why they were fighting evil fascists in Germany and Italy by sending massive shipments of weapons to the third major fascist power in Europe, the Soviet Union. [796] Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international MarxistLeninist cause. [493] Stalin issued Order No. [837] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. [902], Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938, the years of the Great Purge. [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [263] A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. [315], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. [653] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. (Sergei Bobylev/TASS/Getty Images . [601] He also erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war, during Operation Barbarossa, was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. [609] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. [880] He has also been labelled a "red fascist". [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. It can be assumed that he believed that most of these medals were given undeservedly. "[695], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. December 26, 1922 The increase in the number of C.C. [929][930] At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. This was the highest level position until the decline of the communist regime in Russia. One method they used to do this was to attempt a hard push of a rebrand of the particular variant of fascism the Soviets were using to "just . [303] According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". Vozhd ("leader") Joseph Stalin, dictator of Soviet Union has also been referred to as Father of Nations, "Great Leader . Joseph Stalin Russia- what were conditions before took power. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. [389] Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and sabotage within the peasantry;[390] his government provided small amounts of food to famine-struck rural areas, although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [593], The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. [395] He declared that "socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country". After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. [716] In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. [612] It was aimed at establishing economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. Stalin is often compared to Adolf Hitler, who killed some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.In the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the 1900s, leaders carried out the near-genocide of millions of Armenians. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [542] After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could "react normally? [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. [642] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. [599] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. Lenin's Testament, formally Letter to the Congress, Russian Pismo K Syezdu, two-part document dictated by Vladimir I. Lenin on Dec. 23-26, 1922, and Jan. 4, 1923, and addressed to a future Communist Party Congress. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. [836], Stalin was no womanizer. [823] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. [742], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [928] The same year, a survey by the Center showed that Joseph Stalin was named by 39% of Russians as the "most outstanding national figure of all time" and, while nobody received an absolute majority, Stalin was very clearly in first place, followed by another Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin with 30% and Russian poet Alexander Pushkin with 23%. [669] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. In the late 19th . By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. Although the term samizdat refers specifically to the Soviet period, most notably after the death of Stalin in 1953, unauthorised publishing has a long tradition in Russia. [626] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. He had filled the administration of the Party with people who were loyal to him. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the former Bolshevik Party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, died on the 21st of January in 1924. [375] Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. [627] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. [738][739] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [85] At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. See answer (1) Best Answer. The ransacking of churches and trials and executions of priests followed, notwithstanding demonstrations against such measures. [122] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[123] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [431] During these years, approximately 1.6million people were arrested,[432] 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. . [190], Having dropped his editorship of Pravda,[191] Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. Joseph Stalin was the lead of Russia for 30 years . [502] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[503] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. [861] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[862] although he never recognised them as being his. [668], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. Since Lenin had functioned as chairman of the Council of People's . [918] Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [145] He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. [476], In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. It is clear that Stalin became a follower of 1 Khrushchev included two relevant letters in his "secret" report to the Twentieth [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. [598] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. What title was Stalin given in 1922? [134] Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject,[135] wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. [384] Historians have long debated whether Stalin's government had intended the famine to occur or not;[385] there are no known documents in which Stalin or his government explicitly called for starvation to be used against the population. [849] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. "[825] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [494] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[495] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [158] Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd as Saint Petersburg had been renamed and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. [430] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groupsamong them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinesethrough internal or external exile. 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