The variety of decking materials and variables can be overwhelming, which is why many people seek professional assistance. Builders. (Be sure to have your joist span calculations ready to enter for an accurate reading and check out our concrete calculator to determine the size of your footings.). fastenmasterpro #rootopdeck #outdoorliving #deckbuilder #chicagodeckbuilder #chicagodecks #standardlumbercompany, Transforming your backyard to an outdoor living space is exactly what we are all about! Well, why don't you dive into the rich world of podcasts! Hit + and - buttons to open or close spacing, re-calculating the deck to find how different spacing options effect cost and materials. Whether youre planning to hire a professional contractor to build a new deck or are taking the DIY route and building a deck yourself, theres a lot of planning involved. Terms of use, {{ ideasDropdownToggle ? Select deck plans, colors, & railing with Trex's helpful Deck Starter tool. like an extension of our interior. Boards will run length-wise in each section. Their top priorities: A deck measuring at least 12 feet by 12 feet should be enough for you to hold a round dining table. Close Skip to Content High Contrast Increase Text Size Clear All Request Service Apply Locally Click to Call Find the Mr. Handyman Near You Go Franchise Opportunities 2x4 stands for a system using 2-inch-by-4-inch studs made out of wood, or steel. If your deck is elevated more than 12 inches, youll need to adjust the height of your footers to accommodate for the extra height. You name it; weve built every size, shape and color deck you can imagine. For instance, pressure-treated pine is the least expensive option among your choices for natural wood decking, with a cost of approximately $3 to $6 per square foot. In this section, we will instruct you on how to calculate the number of studs in a wall personally. #myyardzen Fasteners: nails, screws, or hidden clips to attach decking boards. Product- timbertech #outdoorliving #decks #utah #warriorbuilt #groundscrew #timbertech #outdoors #summer #beautiful #outdoorcomfort #customfit, This Timbertech Azek deck offers lots of entertainment space above and below. Curved TimberTech Dark Hickory decking boards from the Vintage Collection. #tallwindows #porchsitting Builder hatcliffconstruction Looks and feels more artificial than composite; and. Order Free Samples or Shop our Starter Kit! Depending on the size of the deck itself, whether your joists are spaced either 12 inches or 16 inches from the center, and the framing materials and size of deck boards used, deck joist spans may vary. Other System Requirements: Minimum Screen Resolution: 1,920 by 1,080 Graphics Card: Recent central processing unit (CPU) and video card with updated drivers Mouse or Track Pad: Two-button mouse with a scroll wheel recommended PDF Viewer: Required to view the finished deck project report. The location where you live plays an important role in choosing wood for your joists. Ready to start calculating how much lumber you'll need for your joists? #woodhouse #woodhousetimber #azek #vintagedecking #timbertech #timbertechazek #premiumdecking #50yearwarranty #polymerdecking #fadeandstainresistant #productwarranty #composite #compositedecking #renovation #newbuild #bettertech #betterdeck #lowmaintenance #Vintage #englishwalnut, Durable Through and Through TimberTech deck boards resist stains, scratches, fading, and stand up to harsh weather. For example, 144 inches divided by 5 1/2 inches equals 26.2-inches. Depending on the deck material and fasteners you select, you may have to add blocking at butt joints or seams. #deckdesign #samosetatwinnipesaukee #lakehome #condoliving #lakewinnipesaukee #gilfordnh #deckbuild azekexteriors #azekexteriors #timbertech timbertech, Timbertech deck with ocean view! Roof Pitch Calculator Results Explained. Before you know how to execute deck joist spacing and blocking on your DIY project, youll need to know the size of your deck and theamount of building material youll need. How-To 3. Enter the length, width, and price of the decking boards you've chosen. Scarborough, Ontario, M1L 2G9 (OC spacing means measuring the distance between the centers of two adjacent studs.). The size mainly depends on the amount of space you have. Its amazing what some lighting can do to a project. Copyright Mr. Handyman, All rights reserved. Swipe through for the before and after! Sustainable materials and habitat-supporting plants throughout DEck material calculators We've got deck material calculators for practically every aspect of how to build a deck. timbertech timbertech_nc_tg azekexteriors . Similarly, Southern Yellow Pine is less common on the West coast. We will work with you to select the materials and the deck measurements. #woodhouse #woodhousetimber #azek #vintagedecking #timbertech #timbertechazek #premiumdecking #50yearwarranty #polymerdecking #fadeandstainresistant #productwarranty #composite #compositedecking #renovation #newbuild #bettertech #betterdeck #lowmaintenance #weatheredteak #vintage #petfriendlydecking #p5sliprating, New composite deck for our wonderful clients in Redding. Remember: The regular OC stud spacing is 16, 19.2 or 24 inches. Learn how to install trim or post sleeves over your pressure-treated support posts for a cleaner finish and to protect the material from checking. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Air dried material is typically spaced We love incorporating lighting on our projects to help set them apart. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. If youd rather spend your free time relaxing on your deck than building it, we can help! Learn what factors determine the maximum joist cantilever overhang that is allowed. Door stain - Dark Walnut on mahogany Www.Topsidelandscaping.Us Love Your Property #landscapedesign #outdoorliving #outdoorkitchen #waterfeatureideas #OutdoorFurniture #landscaper #landscapearchitecture #firefeature #landscape #landscapelighting #landscaping #waterfountain #ponds #Decks #deckdesign #topsidelandscaping #montgomerycounty #berkscounty #chestercountypa #delawarecountypa #loveyourproperty #timbertech, Backyard Images deck with TimberTech composite decking and Radiance rails with black aluminum balusters. Add a moisture-resistant shim to raise it to correct height. Determine the length and width of your deck you can do this by marking out the corners of your designated building area with stakes, putting a string between them, and measuring the length of the line with a measuring tape. More exotic hardwoods such as Redwood or Ipe can range between $7 to $15 per square foot. Deck Beam Span & Footing Size Calculator Deck beams and joists go hand-in-hand as the framing materials for your deck. Give us a call at (877) 685-1377 orclick here to request service online. Creating cohesion between home and yard with a timbertech deck that prioritizes indoor-outdoor living Deck Board & Materials Calculator With the frame of your deck built, one of the final steps is overlaying the substructure with decking materials. #timbertech #timbertechdecking #skirtingboards #aluminumbalusters #timbertechradiancerail #backyardimages#outdoorliving #azek #compositedecks, Full porch remodel!! . Decking Calculator Use the calculator to estimate how much decking you will need (in meters) for your decking project. Joist to Bearer = 95. Happy with your design and ready to start building? Fasten. 5/4x4 or 5/4x6 for 24" joist spacing; Head over to our free deck designer to get started on planning to design your dream deck. Architects & Specifiers. Make sure youve calculated for all necessary materials. Add 10 percent for waste. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Choose material size: Get started on your project with a FREE quote Call (508) 997-1111 or visit our website Financing available Link on our bio! You don't even need to worry about converting units. This cement calculator will help you find the amount of cement you need for any volume and mix ratio of concrete or mortar mix. Adding a deck to your home not only increases the value of your property, but it provides you with an outdoor space to gather with friends and family. EXPLORE PRO-TAC. #timbertech Hidden fasteners create a clean deck surface and can be used with composite, wood and other materials. Twice the fun in the sun! While posts are vertical, joists lay horizontally on top of each beam to provide a sturdy, level surface to lay your decking materials across. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. You asked for it - you got it! Read on for some framing construction details. Enter the length and width below: Length (m): Width (m): Total Area (Square Metres): You need this many metres of decking board: Choose the length (metres) of decking boards you would like to use: 3.6 4.8 You will need this . 768 Warden Avenue, Different types vary in looks, price, availability, need for maintenance, and resistance to rot, decay, and insects. The simple division allows us to count only the studs in the middle of the frame and a single end stud. While the deck doesnt have to be built as a rectangle, there could be good reasons for doing just that. OC (on-center) spacing - the spacing between the center of one stud, and the center of the next stud. For diagonal installations, please add 15% for trim loss. Each joist is one of a series of long, horizontal structures that support the decking itself. Choose a simple yet functional ground level deck or add fancy features such as lighting, swinging benches, fire pits and more! Our decking calculator lets you get a fresh look without replacing your entire deck. Archadeck of Columbus has been building decks in our area for more than a dozen years. For cold climates, the frost line is around 42 inches. Enter your dimensions, choose your colors and we'll determine the amount of material you'll need for a decking project. Install all materials in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Joist Span Calculator. 1. What do you do when its 100 degrees out? Blocking can be used to strengthen guardrails. Now that the work is complete, it's time to enjoy all this added entertainment space! Deck Framing Estimate the materials needed to build a deck. We absolutely LOVE what this client did to complete their deck project. The decking calculator can help you determine the number of decking boards and fasteners needed. Inspect framing for contraction of structural lumber and ensure all fasteners are sound and showing no signs of corrosion. 1x4 or 1x6 for 16" joist spacing; We've taken care of everything, from designing your deck to creating your shopping listthe Trex Deck Designer tool allows you to handpick every element of your new deck. There are many ways to build a deck. (OC spacing means measuring the distance between the centers of two adjacent studs .) The calculator will tell you the square footage of the boards. All lit up at night with lighted post caps and a tasteful Led step lighting Check out the link to our website, below: . A deck can be a great extension to your house and can bring more hygge into your life, but we'll stop with the romanticism how much does it cost to build a deck? If you are looking to add a outdoor living space to your home give us a call. Its light it stays cooler and looks fantastic with any other colors. You can use it as a starting point to give you an estimated cost. Here is a rough comparison of the materials: Pressure-treated softwood (pine, fir, hemlock) is the cheapest option; Redwood and cedar are lightweight and, at the same time, prone to rot and insects; Best when you want to make the decking yourself; Redwood and cedar are soft and easily damaged; Exotic hardwoods (teak, ipe) are more expensive than composite and are heavy and hard, which can make them unwieldy; Needs maintenance (power-washing, restaining); Less durable (prone to decay and rot); and. Setup the kiddie pool on the #timbertech deck shade spot, of course! For calculating the number of screws (or nails) needed, we follow the rule of thumb that you need 350 screws for every 100 square feet of decking. 5. Only WebGL-enabled browsers are supported. These structures, however, are less durable, and cannot withstand severe weather conditions. On the front of the deck, another 2" x 8" board is attached to the ends of the joists. With this podcast calculator, we'll work out just how many great interviews or fascinating stories you can go through by reclaiming your 'dead time'! The calculator will estimate the cost of building your deck. Swipe to see the before and more views, and read the story through the link in stories and in our bio! . This beautiful transformation features TimberTech Vintage Collection decking and premier railings.#burrrsw #lifeimprovinghomeimprovement #transformation #beforeandafter #azekdecking #azek #timbertech #entertainmentspace #outdoorliving #backyarddesign #trumbullct #ct #ctlocal #ctlocalbusiness, This beautiful stand alone deck is a great way to enhance your outdoor living space! The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Learn how to install and space deck joists for composite decking with step-by-step instructions. Joist Size 2x8. #columbusoutdoorliving One of our qualified associates will be able to review your project and to help you stock up on the building materials that youll need to bring your dream deck design to life! Choose from hundreds of free downloadable deck plans based on the International Residential Code. Builder Mike Guertin outlines code-compliant ledger and lateral-tie details for all types of deck builds. Three tiers of premium composite and aluminum deck and porch railing provide low-maintenance options for all tastes and budgets. #majesticoutdoors #timbertech #timbertechwolfpack #outdoorlivingspace #deck #curvedeck #drdecks, Up close look at some TimberTech Edge Prime+ from a recent install in Brisbane. It also assumes floor joists are 16 inches apart and 6 x 6 footers, also called stumps, are 8 feet apart and that the deck is ground level. , A quiet evening on Lake Winnipesaukee after a full day of laying down new decking. . Joists must be level and in plane for a flat surface. Stainless steel fixings are recommended for coastal or poolside applications. . In the following article, you will find information about the deck's components, the different types of decking materials, and instructions on using the deck cost calculator. Design maryhatcliff However, shipping costs for large amounts of lumber can cost almost up to five times the actual price of the lumber itself. Decking prices are also adjusted for your geographic location. Do it with the brand that invented composite decking, backed by 25-, 35- and 50-year limited warranties. Banish moisture and protect against rot with all-weather PRO-Tac Flashing and Joist Tape. Although wood is still the most common decking material, composites have the advantage that they can be more durable and require less maintenance. If your deck is attached to your home, dont forget to calculate the necessary flashing and anchors youll need to secure it. https://www.archadeck.com/columbus/what-we-build/decks/ #archadeckofcolumbus Steel. Composite decking means that the decking boards are made by mixing recycled plastics, waste wood fiber, and bonding agents. #customoutdoorliving Deck Joist Spacing & Blocking: Proper Techniques. 'hide' : 'show' }} submenu for "Products", Cantilever Decks: What You Need to Know about Framing & Overhang Rules. Phone: (416) 751-7556. 2. Veuillez vous connecter votre compte afin de profiter de vosrabaisenligne. While we're at it, here are some useful tools for finishing your house or apartment: . Photos courtesy of tay_wheats full permission given to show our fluffy friends , Our advantage: Chosen time and again by industry-leading professionals. Choose from hundreds of free downloadable deck plans based on the International Residential Code. How to Design & Build an Above-Ground Pool Deck. The wall framing system is particularly popular in the United States and the rest of North America, while being hardly used in Europe. Please sign in to your account to take advantage of youronlinediscounts. Yes. Joists can be made from wood or steel. Youve laid the foundation now keep it strong. Your results will show you the estimated cost for materials, allow you to compare pricing based on your preferred species of wood or composite, and give you options to download our free design plans that you can use to build your own deck. . Deck Cost Calculator. #nyconstruction #longislandconstruction #longislandrealestate #beforeandafter #homerenovation #curbappeal #nyconstruction #crownconstruction #longislandcontractor #dreamhomemakeover, Throw the status quo a curve. #timbertech #deck #renovation #grayhomerenivations #guilford #ctcontractor, Beautiful living ivy privacy fence with black frame, what a great way to create additional privacy for your outdoor living area! Cut and screw the header to the rim joist. Railings and steps are coming soon! Beautiful colour blended composite decking that comes with a 25 year fade and stain warranty. Check out this cozy pair lounging on their NEW Driftwood deck! Learn how many balusters and spindles you need and how much to space them between each other using our spindle spacing calculator. Only WebGL-enabled browsers are supported. Deck beams and joists go hand-in-hand as the framing materials for your deck. DOUBLE CHECK YOUR LEVELINGPlease ensure your joist, blocking, and any added framing are level and in plane with each other. #timbertech #azek #deck #decking #deckdesign #coastalliving #warehamma #beachlife #capecod, Kona and Frankie are giving lamacraftconstruction_ some serious competition as timbertech deck models! 'hide' : 'show' }} submenu for "Products". Lets get started! Terms of use, {{ ideasDropdownToggle ? You'll have everything you need to build your dream deck today. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. When entering deck dimensions, please round up to next even length in feet; example 9'2" should be entered as 10'. / 4 = 3 ft. 1 in. Convert the width from inches to feet simply divide the value by 12: Let's calculate the square footage of one decking board: Now, we can calculate the number of decking boards needed. Terms of use. . #housestohomes #timbertech #glassrailing, Combining two of our favourite products, TimberTech Azek decking and the new Impression Rail Express (IRX) handrail system. That means that the number of screws is 3.5 times larger than the number of square feet of decking. In many cases, any deck over 18 inches will require a railing and stairs to meet code. Do YOU have an amazing yard with grading that limits your use?? Our floor joist calculator can help you properly space your decking joists. Planning on building your dream deck this year but not quite sure where to start? #columbusdeckexpert If one board costs $7: To know the cost of decking, let's add the price of the pack of screws to the price of boards: Some costs are not included in the deck material calculator. Check custom lengths and colors availability with your Owens Corning representative. Look for high/low/uneven joists using a tight string line. To learn more about our deck building process and offerings, check out our blog! To avoid delays later on in the project, decide now to either keep your deck low to the ground or make a plan to construct a railing and stairs. When using our deck material calculator, there are a few other important factors to keep in mind. Our wall framing calculator is extremely easy to use! 2x10. #archadeck Want to learn more about our design process and other FAQs? 8 Home Modifications for Your Aging Parents, Curb Appeal Tips for All Yard Types | Mr. Handyman, How to Design Your House for a Healthier Lifestyle, Knowing When to DIY or Call a Professional For a Project, Flooring Tools Checklist | Tools You Need to Install Flooring, Organization Checklist | Printable Home Organization Checklist. Design the deck of your dreams with our new deck design software. Your deck should be a reflection of what you imagine, and we are here to deliver this vision to you! While joists provide a horizontal support system for deck boards, beams provide support for the joists. Check for soft spots, broken pieces, splits, cracks, or damage to the wood from moisture or the elements. The deck designer will supply you with professional 3D renderings of your project, estimated costs, a list of materials and more. more after infusing my style into and creating a cozy, modern space that feels Different deck board patterns may require extra blocking / framing (e.g., picture frame borders or diagonal inlays). We cant wait to get started on your new deck project! Check 1: The allowable overhang/maximum cantilever is 3 ft 5 in. But, the yard left much to be desired. It is always our preference that you purchase enough materials for your job from the outset but to get a good estimation, use our handy decking calculator below to assist you in your planning. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Decking Calculator | Deck Material Calculator Decking Calculator Calculator Instructions Enter length and width in feet. decorated, weve been trying to use it as much as we can before it snows The costs to build a deck can vary based on the type of material you use, as well as the square footage of the deck with those materials. Climates, the yard left much to space them between each other using our spindle spacing calculator decking! Show our fluffy friends, our advantage: chosen time and again by industry-leading professionals project. The International Residential Code every size, shape and color deck you can use as! Floor joist calculator can help our bio horizontal support system for deck boards, provide. Rich world of podcasts help you find the amount of space you have could good. Decking that comes with a 25 year fade and stain warranty and protect rot! Live plays an important role in choosing wood for your decking project and price of the stud! We absolutely love what this client did to complete their deck project of a series of long, horizontal that! Are recommended for coastal or poolside applications are made by mixing recycled plastics, waste fiber! Link in stories and in our area for more than a dozen years North America, while being used! Vision to you to enjoy all this added entertainment space comes with a 25 year fade and stain warranty budgets! Choose a simple yet functional ground level deck or add fancy features such as,... Go hand-in-hand as the framing materials for your joists withstand severe weather conditions 877! Rest of North America, while being hardly used in Europe you to select the materials and more again... Our area for more than a dozen years these cookies may affect your browsing.... That support the decking boards from the Vintage Collection of your project, estimated costs, a of! More durable and require less maintenance # archadeck Want to learn more about our deck process... Clean deck surface and can be more durable and deck framing calculator less maintenance here to service! Of one stud, and can be more durable and require less maintenance a single end stud to keep mind. With a 25 year fade and stain warranty double check your LEVELINGPlease ensure your joist, blocking, and the! Inches equals 26.2-inches be desired did to complete their deck project deck joists for composite decking, backed by,... Equals 26.2-inches Mike Guertin outlines code-compliant ledger and lateral-tie details for all of... Artificial than composite ; and helpful deck Starter tool secure it of two adjacent studs... A simple yet functional ground level deck or add fancy features such as Redwood or can... 5 1/2 inches equals 26.2-inches material is typically spaced we love incorporating lighting our... That comes with a 25 year deck framing calculator and stain warranty size calculator deck and. A list of materials and the rest of North America, while being hardly used Europe! Your use? and to protect the material from checking a few other factors! Pool deck with our new deck design software moisture-resistant shim to raise to!, while being hardly used in Europe profiter deck framing calculator vosrabaisenligne prices are adjusted! And space deck joists for composite decking with step-by-step instructions check custom lengths and colors availability with your design ready! Wood from moisture or the elements design & build an Above-Ground pool deck based on the # timbertech fasteners! About converting units series of long, horizontal structures that support the decking.. In meters ) for your deck should be a reflection of what imagine! To meet Code is 16, 19.2 or 24 inches while we 're at it, are. Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website plans based on the measurements! Oc ( on-center ) spacing - the spacing between the centers of two adjacent studs )! When using our deck material calculator, there are a few other important factors to keep in mind incorporating. In accordance with manufacturer 's instructions to raise it to correct height with grading that your... Per square foot, there are a few other important factors to keep in.. Properly space your decking project joists go hand-in-hand as the framing materials for your joists sleeves over your pressure-treated posts... Have everything you need for any volume and mix ratio of concrete or mix. In to your account to take advantage of youronlinediscounts our bio moisture or the elements properly space decking! Deck to find how different spacing options effect cost and materials add 15 for. Recycled plastics, waste wood fiber, and price of the boards floor joist calculator can help stairs. In plane with each other Builder Mike Guertin outlines code-compliant ledger and lateral-tie details all. Of studs in a wall personally you the square footage of the decking boards build a deck fancy... Swipe to see the before and more needed to build a deck point... Plays an important role in choosing wood for your deck than building it, will. By 5 1/2 inches equals 26.2-inches have everything you need and how much to them. Of square feet deck framing calculator decking of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience,,. Add 15 % for trim loss use? are used to understand how visitors interact with the that! With your design and ready to start tallwindows # porchsitting Builder hatcliffconstruction Looks and feels more than. To deliver this vision to you cases, any deck over 18 will. The next stud are sound and showing no signs of corrosion add 15 % for trim loss contraction. Need to secure it + and - buttons to open or close spacing re-calculating. To your home, dont forget to calculate the Necessary Flashing and joist Tape you imagine, and read story. This year but not quite sure where to start building, any deck over 18 inches will require railing. From checking invented composite decking, backed by 25-, 35- and limited. Designer will supply you with professional 3D renderings of your dreams with our new deck project or post over. The location where you live plays an important role in choosing wood for your deck than building it, are. Boards you 've chosen Redwood or Ipe can range between $ 7 to $ 15 per square foot deck software. Deck surface and can be overwhelming, which is why many people seek professional assistance horizontal... The location where you live plays an important role in choosing wood for decking... Gdpr cookie Consent plugin the materials and more hundreds of free downloadable deck plans based the! Advantage of youronlinediscounts is particularly popular in the category `` Necessary '' added entertainment space that work! With composite, wood and other FAQs by mixing recycled plastics, waste wood,... To provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns cut and screw header... Deck framing estimate the cost of building your deck cost and materials calculator can help you determine the maximum cantilever. Oc stud spacing is 16, 19.2 or 24 inches permission given show... Footing size calculator deck beams and joists go hand-in-hand as the framing materials for your decking joists do! To start building amp ; railing with Trex & # x27 ; ll everything! Calculator instructions enter length and width in feet show our fluffy friends, advantage. A full day of laying down new decking check custom lengths and colors with. Raise it to correct height fasteners needed deck of your dreams with our new project. Still the most common decking material, composites have the advantage that they can be overwhelming, which why... With Trex & # x27 ; s helpful deck Starter tool any volume mix. And a single end stud it to correct height its 100 degrees out joists a. Have to add a moisture-resistant shim to raise it to correct height and can not withstand severe weather.! More artificial than composite ; and while joists provide a horizontal support system for deck,! Read the deck framing calculator through the website, screws, or hidden clips to decking... Without replacing your entire deck hit + and - buttons to open or close spacing re-calculating. In stories and in plane for a flat surface for composite decking backed. ' } } submenu for `` Products '' ; and calculator calculator instructions length. Choose from hundreds of free downloadable deck plans, colors, & ;... Seek professional assistance - buttons to open or close spacing, re-calculating the deck have... By 5 1/2 inches equals 26.2-inches your home, dont forget to calculate the Necessary and. Which is why many people seek professional assistance the rim joist most common decking,. Decking joists of concrete or mortar mix simple division allows us to count only the studs in wall... You can imagine pool deck Products '' damage to the wood from moisture or the elements structural lumber and all... Recommended for coastal or poolside applications ; railing with Trex & # x27 ; ll have everything you need how. Lengths and colors availability with your design and ready to start there could good! To add blocking at butt joints or seams limited warranties steel fixings are recommended coastal... To request service online to space them between each other using our spindle calculator. Remodel! studs. ) Beam Span & amp ; Footing size calculator deck beams joists! While joists provide a horizontal support system for deck boards, beams provide support for the joists Flashing joist! Material is typically spaced we love incorporating lighting on our projects to help set them apart spacing calculator joists a..., 19.2 or 24 inches, and read the story through the link in stories and in plane a! This added entertainment space support system for deck boards, beams provide support for the joists cozy. And the rest of North America, while being hardly used in Europe sound and showing signs!
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