african presence in early america pdf

The growing body of evidence is now becoming simply too loud to ignore. One might merely ask himself: if Africans were not present in the Americas before Columbus, why the typically African physiognomy on the monuments? What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? Contact him on [emailprotected], Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page, Disclaimer: The contents of this article are of sole responsibility of the author(s). These were the first Negroes that had been seen in the Indies.4 Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains.5, Father Fray Gregoria Garcia, a priest of the Dominican order who spent nine years in Peru during the early sixteenth century, identified an island off of Cartagena, Columbia as the place where the Spanish first found Black people in the New World. zoz Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, Gabriel Haslip-Viera, and Warren Barbour . ), Matthew M. Stirling, Discovering the New World: Oldest Dated Work of Man,, W. Hayes III, The African Presence in America Before Columbus,. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA Uploaded by The Secret Relationship Between Blacks & Jews: NOW AVAILABLE! Part I of the book explores these roots in the Middle East, West Africa, and antebellum America. The most striking similarities between the two cultures are seen in the magnificent stone structures that have been found on both sides of the Atlantic. villages, no pyramid appears until much later.. For best results, configure your browser to use the Adobe PDF plug-in to open online PDF files. Readings - African Presence in Early America, "Leo Weiner, A Plea For Reexamination," David J.M. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, Encouragingly, in a later publication Coe (1994) refrained from a denunciation of an early African ethnic presence, and Dr. Clyde Winters (1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1997, 2005, 2013) has reported the evidence in greater detail. The Olmecs were an advanced state and have been called the Cultura Madre of Pre-classic Mesoamerica; what perhaps defines them is the cosmopolitan nature of many of their artifacts. As early as the nineteenth century wrote Jonathan Leonard, a specialist on early Mexico, reports had come from this coastal region [the Mexican gulf coast] of gigantic heads with Negroid features.8 The first of these heads was discovered by Jose Melgar in Veracruz in 1862. Melgars mind, wrote art historian Alexander von Wuthenau, not yet tainted by certain currents of modern (and perhaps not so modern) anthropology, reacted quite normally to this newly found evidence of [the] black mans presence in ancient America. I reflected that there had undoubtedly been Blacks in this country and this had been in the first epoch of the world10 Since Melgars discovery sixteen other colossal stone heads have been found in many parts of Mexico, including ancient sacred sites such as La Venta and Tres Zapotes in southern Mexico. Meaningful indications of an African presence in ancient Japan have been unearthed from the most remote ages of the Japanese past. Many readers will find the evidence presented here startling. He furthermore cites a document of Francisco Nunez Vega (1691), who describes an ancient calendar found in Chiapas that mentions seven negritos representing the seven planets., In describing the Olmec head, Melgar wrote that what astonished me was the Ethiopic [Black African] type which it represents. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient Mexico, pp.73-75. On the very ceremonial court and platform where four of the African-type heads were found in the holy capital of the Olmec world, La Venta. Historian Nicholas Leon was of a similar opinion: The oldest inhabitants of Mexico, according to some, were Negroes, and according to others, the Otomies. African presence in early America. A similar sculpture has been discovered at the Olmec site of Portrero Nuevo. Become Member of African Presence in Early America (1987) is focused on contact between Africa and America towards the close of the Bronze Age (circa 948-680 B.C.) He wrote two articles about this particular head, one in the Boletin de Geografia y Estadistica, and the other in the respected Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estadistica. Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.35 They include the following: The double crown, the royal flail, the sacred boat or ceremonial bark of the kings, the religious value of the color purple and its special use among priests and people of high rank; the artificial beard, feathered fans and the parasol or ceremonial umbrella. In his. 3 examine factors that can contribute to early resilience. The outcome, I believe, is a comprehensive explanation of why and how the African slave trade expanded to unprecedented levels during the early modern period. Out of Stock. They appear to represent priest-kings who ruled vast territories in Mesoamerica [Mexico and Central America] during the Olmec period, which is to be considered later herein. numerous successful modern attempts have illustrated that without an oar, rudder or sail ancient African boats, including the dug-out, would certainly have been able to cross the vast ocean in a matter of weeks. In addition to Mexican scholars, a number of others have described the colossal stone heads in terms similar to those of Melgar. Its about time education policy makers reexamine their school curriculums to adjust for Americas long pre-Columbus history. 5, No. Everybody has to become aware of this revision of history. His topic will be "The African Presence in Ancient America" at BCC's Davie campus at 11 a.m., and he will be the featured speaker at the "Africa and the Diaspora" program scheduled for 1 to 5 p.m . 6 0 obj In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult.11, Author C.C. Even among the Maya, where Dr. Hammond has found 2000 B.C. New York: Touchstone Books. 1940 excavation of a thousand-year-old Olmec site near Veracruz. cit. Dozens of their skulls and cave writings have been found dating back to 50,000 years. African Presence in Early America Ivan Van Sertima 4.60 58 ratings1 review This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. endobj villages, no pyramid appears until much later.40, While we could continue to cite infinite similarities between ancient African and New World cultures in various fields including linguistics and botany, let us turn instead to consider the likely origin of the Africans who appear to have reached and profoundly influenced American culture thousands of years before Columbus. After the Civil War, the racist legacy of slavery . On September 24th, 2016, the National Museum of African American History and Culture opened in Washington, D.C. Scopri il pi grande eBookstore del mondo e inizia a leggere oggi stesso su Web, tablet, telefono o eReader. To order the pamphlet, visit heydaybooks.com. Readers should also consider the following 10 books that filled in this or that piece of the African jigsaw: Charles S. Finch, The Star of Deep Beginnings, US, Khenti, 1998. Tellingly, all of these pyramids also served the same dual purpose, tomb and temple. All these religious similarities are too large and occur far too often to be mere coincidences. to 1700 B.C.E. The currents off Africa serve as veritable conveyor belts to the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico and the northeastern corner of South America. The first one is between 800 and 700 BC, during the 25th dynasty of the Egyptian Pharaonic civilization. Editors note: This article was originally published in 2014. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books, 1985. In this paper we review the epigraphic evidence that indicate that a continuity of script existed from Harappan down to the South Indian Megalithic period and beyond. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. African Americans are largely the descendants of enslaved people who were brought from their African homelands by force to work in the New World. Pdf_module_version 0.0.19 Ppi 300 Republisher_date 20200128192458 Republisher_operator associate-jessa-lubiano@archive.org Republisher_time 504 Scandate 20200128085733 Scanner station39.cebu.archive.org Scanningcenter It is in contradiction to the most elementary logic and to all artistic experience to suggest that these ancient Olmec artists could have depicted, with such detail, African facial features they had never seen.21. Garikai Chengu is a scholar at Harvard University. It is grounded now upon an overwhelming and growing body of reliable witnesses. Ivan Van Sertima, They Came Before Columbus. ), Marco Merlini, Neo-Eneolithic Literacy in Southeastern Europe: an Inquiry into the Danube, Biblioteca Brukenthal XXXIII, Ministery of Culture of Romania and Brukenthal National Museum, Editura Altip, Alba Iulia, Ningishzidda and Ishkur - The Anunnaki connections between Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Mesoamerica, Analysis of Ivan Van Sertima's Afrocentric claims on Mesoamerica, An Unofficial History of Dravidian Writing, Olmec Origins: A Look Into Their Cosmopolitan Origins, 13 clyde winters An Unofficial History of Dravidian Writing HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION revised, Black Warrior Dynasty: Afrocentricity and the New World, They Were Not Here Before Columbus: Afrocentricity in the 1990's, Unboxing Atlantis A top-down review of what we know, and don't know, about the Atlantean through Megalithic Period continents and cities; 36,000 -2,000 YBP, An Indelible Imprint of Literacy: The Olmec and African Presence in Pre-Columbian America (2007), How Drawing Becomes Writing: Proto-Orthography in the Codex Borbonicus, Sex in the Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, The dravidian and mayan relation ship a comparisonWho Brought The Mayans To Mexico? Price Muffett, p 155-163. The unmistakable face and handprint of black Africans in pre-Columbian America, and their overwhelming impact on the civilizations they encountered is undeniable. Some African-Americans who played a significant role in the American Revolution were: Crispus Attucks - an African-American member of the Sons of Liberty who was the first person killed in the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770. South American cocaine from Erythroxylon coca and nicotine from Nicotiana tabacum. While we could continue to cite infinite similarities between ancient African and New World cultures in various fields including linguistics and botany, let us turn instead to consider the likely origin of the Africans who appear to have reached and profoundly influenced American culture thousands of years before Columbus. The strongest evidence of African presence in America before Columbus comes from the pen of Columbus himself. Addeddate 2021-01-11 01:39:57 Search the history of over 804 billion Speaking specifically about the African influence on the Olmec culture, historian Zecharia Sitchin provides this view: It is an embarrassing enigma, because it challenges scholars and prideful nationalists to explain how people from Africa could have come to the New World not hundreds but thousands of years before Columbus, and how they could have developed, seemingly overnight, the Mother Civilization of Mesoamerica. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. Dozens of their skulls and cave writings have been found dating back to 50,000 years. 4 0 obj Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero by Kate Clifford Larson 9.99; Black Athena revisited 15.99; A Kid's Guide to African American History: More than 70 Activities (A Kid's Guide series) 7.99; To move a continent : Kwame Nkrumah's role in African affairs, 1957-1966 9.99 File, Mesoamerica was yet another world location for the emergence of an early civilization, but Mesoamerican societies were not necessarily connected to a single famous river (like the Nile) as the other early civilizations were, though there were plenty of rivers in the New World. For example, there are hand-shaped incense spoons found in Olmec sites that are almost identical to their Eyptian counterparts and have similar names. (RGS. Despite its great size, the workmanship is delicate and sure, its proportions perfect The features are bold and, Another authority, Selden Rodman speaks of the colossal Negroid heads. African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. Report [ZIP - 21 MB] The Archaeology of 290 Broadway [PDF - 22 MB] The best known artifacts are the giant stone heads, which phenotypically resemble modern day Africans. Runoko Rashidied, African Presence in Early Asia, US, Transaction Publishers, 1995. Similarities across early American and African religions also indicate significant cross-cultural contact. Olmecs are perhaps best known for the carved colossal heads found in Central Mexico, that exhibit an unmistakably African Negroid appearance. 102-117. I have never claimed, writes Van Sertima, that Africans created or founded the Olmec civilizationThey left a significant influence upon itand that is more than can be said of any other Old World group visiting the native American or emigrating to the continent before Columbus., A study of the Olmec civilization reveals elements that are remarkably similar to the ritual traits and techniques in the Egypto-Nubian world of the same period. However, during the early 1940s archeologists uncovered a civilization known as the Olmecs of 1200 BC, which pre-dated any other advanced civilization in the Americas. He also claimed The New York African Burial Ground reports. 128 views, 4 likes, 4 loves, 54 comments, 6 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Williams Chapel Church: Williams Chapel Church was live. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. In 1922, about 350 miles northeast of Harappa, another large Indus city, Mohenjo-daro (the. 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